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391.
392.
Arrow's account (1951/1963) of the problem of social choice is based upon the assumption that the preferences of each individual in the relevant group are expressible by a single ordering. This paper lifts that assumption and develops a multidimensional generalization of Arrow's framework. I show that, like Arrow's original framework, the multidimensional generalization is affected by an impossibility theorem, highlighting not only the threat of dictatorship of a single individual, but also the threat of dominance of a single dimension. In particular, even if preferences are single-peaked across individuals within each dimension – a situation called intradimensional single-peakedness – any aggregation procedure satisfying Arrow-type conditions will make one dimension dominant. I introduce lexicographic hierarchies of dimensions as a class of possible aggregation procedures under intradimensional single-peakedness. The interpretation of the results is discussed. 相似文献
393.
A new Arrovian impossibility is obtained without invoking independence of irrelevant alternatives type assumptions. The new conditions leading to the impossibility are based on the concept of power of enforcement, and specify how this power can (see A3) or cannot be expanded (see A1, A2 and A4). 相似文献
394.
395.
霍夫曼理论是通过总结多国制造业部门不同历史阶段的数据,分析各国工业化过程中消费品和资本品工业部门的相对地位的变化而提出来的。该理论认为一国的工业化是资本品工业部门比重不断增大的过程。但是,由于历史阶段和分析技术的局限,霍夫曼理论只是对欧美发达国家工业化过程在事实层面上的描述和总结,并没有形成关于工业化一般路径的科学分析。因此,它还不具备普遍的指导意义。坚持以科学发展观和新型工业化道路的基本理念为指导,依靠技术创新和制度创新,以产业结构调整为主线,以合理规范的政府宏观调控作保证,是现阶段我国发展重化工业的基本路径。 相似文献
396.
Marie Duru-Bellat 《Sociologie du Travail》2006,48(4):455
How does objective social mobility, traditionally measured with tables of mobility drawn up by sociologists, relate to feelings about mobility, i.e., how individuals perceive, explain and appraise their social trajectory? Using a question from a survey (Insee's Formation, qualification professionnelle), subjective mobility was statistically evaluated so as to bring the two approaches to mobility together and measure the (considerable) frequency of deviations. Subjective mobility was then analyzed qualitatively on the basis of interviews conducted with respondents in the same survey. This helps us account for deviations and identify the bundle of parameters that people use to assess their own mobility. Certain limits, both methodological and conceptual, are pointed out that classical statistical surveys encounter in dealing with mobility. 相似文献
397.
The rates of convergence to the normal distribution are investigated for a sum of independent random variables. Using Stein's method, we derive a lower bound of the uniform distance between two distributions of independent sum and normal. 相似文献
398.
399.
在可分的Banach空间中研究微分包含x′∈F(t,x)解的存在性,对Kisielewicz的结果作了改进. 相似文献
400.
Glenn W. Suter II Barney W. Cornaby Charles T. Hadden Ruth N. Hull Mark Stack Fred A. Zafran 《Risk analysis》1995,15(2):221-231
Human health and ecological risks must be balanced at hazardous waste sites in order to ensure that remedial actions prevent unacceptable risks of either type. Actions that are designed to protect humans may fail to protect nonhuman populations and ecosystems or may damage ecosystems. However, there is no common scale of health and ecological risk that would allow comparisons to be performed. This paper presents an approach to addressing this problem based on classifying all risks (i.e., health and ecological risks due contaminants and remediation) as insignificant ( de minimis ), highly significant ( de manifestis ), or intermediate. For health risks the classification is based on standard criteria. However, in the absence of national guidance concerning the acceptability of ecological risks, new ecological criteria are proposed based on an analysis of regulatory precedents. Matrices and flow charts are presented to guide the use of these risk categories in remedial decision making. The assessment of mercury contamination of the East Fork Poplar Creek is presented as an example of the implementation of the approach. 相似文献