公共行政当局以合同方式雇用人员时各类合同的适用范围

现时澳门公共行政当局以合同方式雇用人员的情况普遍,但是使用的合同类型多样,各类合同应有的不同适用范围卻鲜见有本地法律学术论文对此进行研究。本文尝试根据澳门现行法律和法学理论分析不同的合同各自应有的适用范围,并探讨该等合同在现行澳门法律下可能存在著的潜在问题。     

矩阵多项式的逆

本文证明了数域Ｋ上矩阵Ａ的多项式的逆仍是Ｋ上矩阵Ａ的多项式,并给出了求矩阵多项式的逆的方法．     

«Il n'y a pas d’avenir dans ce métier.» Être chauffeur de VTC en Afrique par temps de pandémie

Si les plateformes ont donné du travail à beaucoup d’Africains, les emplois créés sont de mauvaise qualité, comme la pandémie l'a bien montré. Dans ce contexte, les auteurs examinent la situation particulière des chauffeurs VTC en Afrique en s'appuyant sur des entretiens approfondis, réalisés au Kenya, et sur les méthodes de l'ethnographie virtuelle. Ils montrent que ces travailleurs ont recours à un «régime de débrouille», associant résilience, réajustement et résistance. Pour améliorer les conditions de travail et lutter contre la précarité dans le secteur, il faut à la fois que les pouvoirs publics instaurent des cadres réglementaires et que les travailleurs se mobilisent collectivement.     

Work histories and workers’ failure to satisfy pension contribution requirements: A comparison of Mexico and Uruguay

Comparing Mexico and Uruguay, this article examines the work history of workers and the challenges they face to satisfy the minimum contribution period for eligibility to receive a contributory old-age pension. Administrative data on work histories is used to formulate a survival model aimed at estimating hazard rates of entering and transitioning out of a given contribution status. This model is then used to perform a Monte Carlo simulation to forecast contribution histories. Results suggest that the hazard rate is negatively associated with the length of a worker’s spell in his or her current status and warn that, both in Mexico and Uruguay, a significant group of workers will find it difficult to gain entitlement to a contributory pension in old age. The manner in which each of these national systems has addressed the challenges associated with low contribution densities may explain the two countries’ very different coverage results.     

Curbing the demographic “drifting dune” in long-term care insurance financing: The case of Germany

Long-term care provision and financing are becoming increasingly important matters in all ageing economies. Therefore, a major challenge for policy makers is to strike a balance between adequate care and sustainable financing. In this study, we evaluate the proposal of a so-called sustainability factor in German long-term care insurance. Considering changes in the beneficiary-contributor ratio, it aims for a rule-based consideration of demographic dynamics to alleviate pressure on long-term care financing. Using the framework of generational accounting, we demonstrate that this proposal could have a relieving effect on finances, depending on the share of involvement of current and future generations. It may offer an option for pay-as-you-go long-term care insurance systems worldwide that need to curb the impact of ageing societies. Therefore, this article addresses policy makers tasked with designing a sustainable financing model for long-term care insurance. It demonstrates that the sustainability factor represents a step towards sustainable finances and, thus, it might be one component of a more comprehensive reform package.     

Pension financialization and collective risk sharing in Canada and Finland

This article contributes to the debate concerning pension financialization and how countries are adapting their pension systems to respond to demographic ageing. We do so by examining the statutory pension systems of Canada and Finland, which diverge interestingly from current international trends. The Canadian and Finnish public pension schemes reflect two tendencies often associated with pension financialization: an increasing reliance on financial markets and an investment policy with a diversified asset allocation. However, unlike in many other countries, this has not resulted in heightened individual risks in old-age income security caused by a shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pensions – an otherwise common trend internationally.     

A central limit theorem for the sample autocorrelations of a Lévy driven continuous time moving average process

In this article we consider Lévy driven continuous time moving average processes observed on a lattice, which are stationary time series. We show asymptotic normality of the sample mean, the sample autocovariances and the sample autocorrelations. A comparison with the classical setting of discrete moving average time series shows that in the last case a correction term should be added to the classical Bartlett formula that yields the asymptotic variance. An application to the asymptotic normality of the estimator of the Hurst exponent of fractional Lévy processes is also deduced from these results.     

西班牙大帆船"科瓦东加圣母"号被俘始末与清朝的介入

詹金斯之耳战争期间,西班牙大帆船"科瓦东加圣母"号被英国军舰"百夫长"号在菲律宾海域俘获。中国被卷入此次英西纠纷中,成为英国军舰的休整地,西班牙俘虏的释放地,西班牙人向英国复仇的目的地。学界此前较少关注中国在该事件中扮演的角色以及中、英、西三方的互动,尚未综合利用三国原始文献。该事件可以充分反映出18世纪全球联系愈加密切的背景下欧洲全面战争对中国的影响以及清朝应对国际争端的方式。中国之所以与该事件产生关联,源于18世纪中叶英国海军着力破坏西班牙在太平洋地区的贸易网络,欧洲全面战争蔓延到了更广阔的地域,符合欧洲殖民争霸的历史趋势。而中国的港口具有安全性高、物资充盈、国际贸易发达、信息交流通畅等特征,增加了中国被卷入国际冲突的可能性。在大帆船被俘前后,中国是多方力量博弈的场域。英、西两国人员基于各自帝国的利益行事,具有挑战清朝秩序的倾向,却又受其制约。清朝官员原则上不干涉境外的国际纠纷,但对管辖范围内的事务表现出了外邦不易撼动的绝对权威。他们着力维护海防稳定,同时坚持怀柔远人原则,既阻止了英、西两国船舰在中国作乱,又保障了"百夫长"号的正常补给,促成大部分西班牙俘虏的释放。需要注意的是,清朝官员对姿态强硬的英国海军作出了一定的妥协,未阻止英国人强留少量俘虏的行为,反而在奏文中过度歌颂地方政绩,一定程度上淡化了海防隐患。但总的来说,他们对保证海疆安宁、推动夷商和谐相处、弘扬大国形象起到了积极作用。     

Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions to the Bellman Equation in the Unbounded Case

We study the problem of the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Bellman equation in the presence of unbounded returns. We introduce a new approach based both on consideration of a metric on the space of all continuous functions over the state space, and on the application of some metric fixed point theorems. With appropriate conditions we prove uniqueness of solutions with respect to the whole space of continuous functions. Furthermore, the paper provides new sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions that can be applied to fairly general models. It is also proven that the fixed point coincides with the value function and that it can be approached by successive iterations of the Bellman operator.     

中值定理“中间点”渐近性研究的新进展(I)

综述了近年来在中值定理“中间点”渐近性方面取得的若干新成果 ,同时 ,提出了笔者认为值得进一步讨论的问题