Can Carbon Nanomaterials Improve CZTS Photovoltaic Devices? Evaluation of Performance and Impacts Using Integrated Life‐Cycle Assessment and Decision Analysis

In emergent photovoltaics, nanoscale materials hold promise for optimizing device characteristics; however, the related impacts remain uncertain, resulting in challenges to decisions on strategic investment in technology innovation. We integrate multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and life‐cycle assessment (LCA) results (LCA‐MCDA) as a method of incorporating values of a hypothetical federal acquisition manager into the assessment of risks and benefits of emerging photovoltaic materials. Specifically, we compare adoption of copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) devices with molybdenum back contacts to alternative devices employing graphite or graphene instead of molybdenum. LCA impact results are interpreted alongside benefits of substitution including cost reductions and performance improvements through application of multi‐attribute utility theory. To assess the role of uncertainty we apply Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis. We find that graphene or graphite back contacts outperform molybdenum under most scenarios and assumptions. The use of decision analysis clarifies potential advantages of adopting graphite as a back contact while emphasizing the importance of mitigating conventional impacts of graphene production processes if graphene is used in emerging CZTS devices. Our research further demonstrates that a combination of LCA and MCDA increases the usability of LCA in assessing product sustainability. In particular, this approach identifies the most influential assumptions and data gaps in the analysis and the areas in which either engineering controls or further data collection may be necessary.     

现代社会转型与法治政府的变革路径

伴随着中国改革开放的进程,转型成为社会变迁的主题和基本特征。与此相应的却是,改革日益呈现出一种“锁定”的状态。在社会转型时期出现的诸多根本性问题,并不能用过渡性的办法来解决。在国家和法律的现代化进程中,特别是构建法治政府的进程中,政府不能再像过去那样,一味运用相机决策和政策调整来处理社会利益矛盾,不能再对不同群体在基本权利上区别对待。同样,在工农、城乡、区域乃至人与自然生态之间,要实现统筹协调发展的目标,更需要加强普遍性的努力,这种普遍性努力以法治和体现法治精神的整体性政策为特征。     

法治视野下科研事业单位国有资产监管体制的风险拷问

科研事业单位的国有资产,不能因其资产的非生产性、无偿使用性、公共利益性就脱离法律监管的视域,因为法治精神意味着法律权威在监管主体和监管对象之间要建立约束与契约关系,故而以法治精神为参考坐标,可以清楚地认识到当前我国的科研事业单位国有资产监管体制存在着诸多漏洞和风险。     

The “Silent Dog” Method: Analyzing the Impact of Self-Generated Rules When Teaching Different Computer Chains to Boys with Autism

The purpose of the study was to extend the literature on verbal self-regulation by using the “silent dog” method to evaluate the role of verbal regulation over nonverbal behavior in 2 individuals with autism. Participants were required to talk-aloud while performing functional computer tasks.Then the effects of distracters with increasing demands on target behavior were evaluated as well as whether self-talk emitted by Participant 1 could be used to alter Participant 2''s performance. Results suggest that participants'' tasks seemed to be under control of self-instructions, and the rules generated from Participants 1''s self-talk were effective in teaching computer skills to Participant 2. The silent dog method was useful in evaluating the possible role of self-generated rules in teaching computer skills to participants with autism.     

20世纪60年代美国社会危机的治理对策及启示

20世纪60年代,美国爆发了大规模的社会运动,美国社会受到强烈的震动,但却并未因此走向完全的无序。通过法治手段、社会改革以及公民社会的发展,美国社会逐渐实现了由乱到治的转变。这表明,有效的社会制度安排,顺应民意和时代发展要求的社会改革,社会民主参与性的强化,对于化解社会危机,维护社会稳定具有积极的意义。     

The Continuum of Care System

Abstract

The Continuum of Care System is a Decision Support System designed to assist social workers responsible for identifying and selecting alternative living arrangements for children unable to remain in their own families. The Continuum of Care System consists of two software packages called MATCH and PROFILE. MATCH produces a rank-ordered list of prospective placement alternatives by statistically comparing an individual child to groups of children previously admitted into different residential facilities. PROFILE summarizes the characteristics and problems of children at each facility in the system.     

On selecting the best population

This paper deals with the problem of selecting the “best” population from a given number of populations in a decision theoretic framework. The class of selection rules considered is based on a suitable partition of the sample space. A selection rule is given which is shown to have certain optimum properties among the selection rules in the given class for a mal rules are known.     

关于西部农民基本法律意识结构的调查分析--以西宁市y村为例

分析西部农民的法律意识结构,对西部社会政治文明的建设具有基础意义。文章通过对西宁y村的典型实证分析,认为西部农民法律信仰的生成理应根植于法律的生活化积淀,因此要逐渐改变农民是法治社会的边缘人的传统,将他们推至法律生活的前台,以培养法治实现所必须的最深厚的民众基础。     

非均匀分布下区间数排序可能度计算模型及其应用

区间数排序的可能度计算模型是学术界一直在不断探索的基础性问题之一。区间数刻画着事物属性特征的取值范围,以往学术界都假设在区间内的取值服从均匀分布。本文将均匀分布推广到一般分布,运用概率论的方法,构建了一个新的区间数排序的可能度计算模型,由此修正了以往关于两个区间数全等的定义,提出了区间数形等的概念,同时进一步修正了可能度的自反性条件和区间数的综合排序方法,并将理论应用于多属性决策问题,给出了基本的决策过程,通过实例决策问题的计算,呈现了新理论和新方法的可行性和合理性,具有很好的推广应用价值。     

论法与法之间抵触的判断规则——在放权地方立法背景下的观察

现行法律并未明确规定法与法之间抵触的判断标准,理论和实务也大多倾向于对抵触情形进行列举式描述。为了使抵触的判断标准更具操作性,从规范角度进行精细化建构尤为必要。法与法之间的抵触微观上是法的要素之间的抵触,法的要素包括法律概念、法律规则、法律原则,通过逻辑的整合,可以将法与法的抵触分为下位法规则与上位法原则的抵触、下位法规则与上位法规则的抵触。下位法应当遵循上位法的基本原则,但法律原则不应包括主观的立法者本意。对于不同位阶法律规则之间的抵触,法律规则逻辑结构仅可以作为抵触的抽象分类标准,至于具体的判断规则,仍需依据法律规范的内容种类进行类型化分析。