大跨度浅埋软弱围岩隧道施工工法比较

针对大跨度浅埋软弱围岩隧道施工问题,分析了双侧壁导坑法和微台阶留核心土法的技术特点和适用条件,双侧壁导坑法施工在控制围岩变形及地面沉降方面优于三台阶法,且产生的围岩塑性区较小,微台阶留核心土法在施工进度、资源利用、造价、工序转化及施工难度方面具有优势。结合工程实例,证实仅在围岩具有自稳能力并且可以机械开挖时,可以优先采用微台阶留核心土法,其它条件下宜采用双侧壁导坑法。     

漂泊与皈依:论萧红在流亡中对家的悖论书写

通过对萧红童年生活的分析,研究了其对＂家＂同时充满渴望与抵触厌倦的矛盾心理及其成因,指出这种对家园的双重态度形成了萧红在流亡中对＂家＂的悖论性书写,使萧红的＂家园＂书写充满了张力。     

英语主位分析中的两点新议

主位是系统功能语法中表示语篇纯理功能的一个重要概念,在语篇中起着重要的穿针引线作用.本文依据主位分析理论,重点讨论两种小句的主位分析方法,即there be 存在过程小句和含有非连续性后置成分的小句.在分析、比较诸多学者观点的基础之上提出了作者自己的看法:there be 小句中there be 充当主位成分;在含有非连续性后置成分的小句中,做主语的代词和后置成分一起做非连续性主位.     

Stochastic Differential Mixed-Effects Models

Abstract.  Stochastic differential equations have been shown useful in describing random continuous time processes. Biomedical experiments often imply repeated measurements on a series of experimental units and differences between units can be represented by incorporating random effects into the model. When both system noise and random effects are considered, stochastic differential mixed-effects models ensue. This class of models enables the simultaneous representation of randomness in the dynamics of the phenomena being considered and variability between experimental units, thus providing a powerful modelling tool with immediate applications in biomedicine and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies. In most cases the likelihood function is not available, and thus maximum likelihood estimation of the unknown parameters is not possible. Here we propose a computationally fast approximated maximum likelihood procedure for the estimation of the non-random parameters and the random effects. The method is evaluated on simulations from some famous diffusion processes and on real data sets.     

现代汉语委婉语的社会映射与流变

现代汉语委婉语随着时代的变迁、社会的进步而不断创新、发展,而且在扬弃的同时也继承了那些仍具有强大生命力的委婉说法。这些委婉语是现代社会的语言映射,主要表现出变反映统治阶级意志为显示平民百姓心声、变行业禁忌为行业美化以及社会观念的转变和体现人文关怀等特点。创新、继承、改造、引进等方式共同构成了现代汉语委婉语流变的主要途径。     

初论萨丕尔语言“沿流”之简化流向

从分析萨丕尔的语言沿流观入手,进而考察语言过去的历史,从而论证萨丕尔所指“语言沿流是有方向的,这个方向大体上可以从语言过去的历史推断出来”,得出语言过去的历史即为不断趋于简化的历史,进而推断出语言沿流是朝简化这一方向发展的。此外,对萨丕尔《语言论》中关于语言沿流的论述进行详细剖析,发现萨氏在论述英语三大沿流的表层背后,实则是在强烈暗示语言沿流之简化流向。这样,以语言过去简化的历史和萨氏在语言沿流论述中精心暗舍的关于语言简化的言语论据相互印证,所以,论断萨丕尔言及但未明确表明的语言沿流之总方向——简化。     

转基因农产品的安全性及其对策

随着转基因技术日益大规模地应用于农业，人们针对转基因食品和作物的安全性争论日趋激烈。其主要表现在：食用转基因食品是否对人体健康带来隐患，是否对生态环境和遗传多样性产生影响等方面。通过对转基因农作物培育的利与弊的分析，有利于我国的农产品能够以健康的方式迅速发展，迎接世界范围的产业竞争。     

论新加坡当代华文新诗审美传统主体的移位

新加坡华文新诗审美传统与中国诗歌是一脉相承的。但新加坡独立之后,华文新诗摆脱了"侨民文学"的影响,逐步形成了自己独特的多元审美特征,其审美传统主体由儒家经世致用的审美取向向道家的"道法自然"、佛家禅宗的直觉顿悟,以及现代派纯粹诗的心灵高度净化的审美取向逐渐移位的现象,表明了诗性回归的趋向。     

Fitting the Two-Stage Clonal Expansion Model Based on Exact Hazard to the ED01 Data Using SAS NLIN

The two-stage clonal expansion model is a popular model for carcinogenesis data. One common form of this model is based on the approximate hazard function. In certain situations, this formulation is not appropriate, and the exact hazard should be applied. However, the difficulty of implementing the model based on the exact hazard has deterred many from using it. This paper presents a program implementing the exact hazard model for piecewise constant dosing using SAS, a package that is readily available to most that are interested in this type of analysis. Also, an analysis of the ED₀₁ data is presented using this program, and comparisons are made to an earlier analysis based on the approximate hazard. By allowing for an independent background tumor mechanism, an excellent fit to the bladder tumor incidence data was obtained.     

Surviving mission drift: How charities can turn dependence on government contract funding to their own advantage

The widespread contracting out to British charities of welfare services previously furnished by the state has resulted in many charities operating in fields well outside those specified by their original missions. Challenges connected with charity mission drift have received a great deal of (mainly negative and critical) attention in the nonprofit practitioner literature in recent years, yet no academic research has been completed into exactly how charities respond managerially and operationally to government‐induced mission drift. This empirical study attempted to fill this important gap in knowledge about charity management through in‐depth case studies of three charities known to have experienced substantial mission drift during the last decade, focusing on the styles and types of approach the organizations had adopted in their dealings with government funding agencies. It emerged that the three charities accepted mission drift as a fact of life. Rather than simply supplying contract services to government bodies, the charities were highly proactive in seeking to initiate, direct, control, and assume overall strategic responsibility for state‐funded activities.