A Social Relations Analysis of Children's Trust in Their Peers across the Early Years of School

Two hundred and five (103 female and 102 male) children enrolled in school years 1 and 2 in the UK (mean age 6 years 1 month at Time 1) were tested twice over a 1‐year period. The children reported the promise keeping and secret keeping behaviours of classmates (all peers and same‐gender peers) and provided friendship nominations (Time 2 only). Round robin social relations analyses for all peers and same‐gender peers revealed: (1) perceiver variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in trust beliefs in peers; (2) target variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in eliciting trust from peers; and, (3) dyadic reciprocity, demonstrating reciprocal trust between individuals. Replicability across measures, stability, and cross‐measure stability of these effects were found for all peers only. As hypothesized, the perceiver and target effects of trust were associated with the number of friendships. The findings support the conclusion that young children demonstrate multiple components of trust in dyadic relationships, which are associated with their social relationships.     

国家规制与宗教组织的发展: 中国佛教的政教关系史的制度分析

政教关系是中国宗教的重要议题。本文基于佛教史的内容,从历史比较的角度梳理了围绕着佛教僧团制度建设与组织发展的有关问题,藉由僧团戒律与度牒制度之间的某种对立与比较,认为戒律作为一种组织和认同机制,体现了僧团自治的努力;通过对中华帝国的传统的宗教治理策略之一的度牒制的原由、作用及本质的分析,认为这一规制措施在本质上体现了政治凌驾于宗教之上的权威地位,但却在实施过程中成为寻租和逐利的工具。通过历史经验的比较,认为宗教组织的纪律、原则等有可能成为社会组织化的机制,指出政教关系的基点在于宗教组织的自治特性与能力,这应当成为国家的宗教治理的前提。     

First Communion: The Emergence of Vocal Relationships

Human infants engage in vocal communion with their mother and other prospective caregivers as soon as it becomes possible to do so. As the term is used here, 'communion' refers to a continuous state or feeling of connectedness owing to the existence of a communications link that is maintained largely by the vocalizations of infants and caregivers. It is proposed that certain types of vocalization that infants place in this channel encourage physical approach and caregiving. Several of the social behaviors that predict lexical learning, including joint attention and vocal imitation, are also, in theory, associated with maternal attachment. Since quality of attachment also predicts language development, research is needed to determine which behaviors are functionally related to language learning and which are only symptomatic of a relationship that is independently influential.     

Children's Use and Knowledge of Display Rules for Anger Following Hypothetical Vignettes versus Following Live Peer Interaction

Our primary goal was to examine the correspondence between children's self-reported use and knowledge of display rules for anger following hypothetical vignettes versus following live peer interactions. Our secondary goal was to investigate whether children's self-reported experience and self-reported expression of anger were related their observed anger expression, considered an observational measure of use of display rules for anger. Participants were 274 second-grade children. Children were first interviewed about their use and knowledge of display rules for anger in game-playing situations depicted through hypothetical vignettes. Several months later, children interacted with a confederate in standardized games designed to simulate the vignettes and answered the same questions about display rules. Children's responses were moderately related across the two contexts. However, following the live interactions, compared to the hypothetical vignettes, children reported feeling less anger, expressing less anger, intending to hide their anger more, and dissembling their anger more. In addition, there were differences in the quality and quantity of strategies for hiding anger that children generated across the two contexts. Observations of anger expression were not related to self-reports of either the experience or expression of anger.     

干群关系与村委会选举中的群体性事件

村委会换届选举中的群体性事件正呈现多发之势。村委会选举中的群体性事件是农村干群矛盾激化的结果,凸显了干群矛盾的严重性和危险性,也表明以此为契机,构建良性互动的干群关系的紧迫性。密切干群关系,依法妥善处置村委会选举中的群体性事件,需要完善村民自治的法律制度,加强对干部的管理与教育,重塑政府形象,提高农民群众政治参与制度化的水平和完善农民群众利益诉求的表达机制。     

新闻广播语篇概念连贯初探

从系统功能语言学的角度出发,提出"语境—语类—语域—话语范围—概念意义—概念连贯"全面的概念连贯理论研究体系,并从话题和小句关系两个方面分析新闻广播语篇的概念连贯。     

研发网络架构与网络价值：综述及概念模型

本文聚焦于企业的研发网络,通过综述企业研发网络架构方面的相关文献,识别出研发网络架构的三大维度（网络成员组合、网络结构属性及网络关系特征）及其主要内容,并基于此分析了中心企业的研发网络架构对该网络的网络价值的影响机制。结合企业战略目标及具体诉求及企业外部环境的权变影响,本文提出了一个围绕网络价值最大化命题,以研发网络架构为基点、网络价值为终点的理论研究框架,讨论了现有研究结论及未来可能的研究,为中心企业选择研发合作伙伴、配置网络成员、部署网络结构及管理成员关系提供借鉴。     

The Process of Entering into Cohabiting Unions

Over one half of young adults have lived or will live with a partner before marriage. Many studies indicate that the majority of cohabitors plan to marry their partners, yet research examining relationship progression is rare. This article deciphers the processes underlying entrance into informal unions. Data are from 25 open‐ended interviews with cohabitors who had lived together for at least 3 months. For many, the relationship progressed rapidly; over one half moved in with partners within 6 months of initiating romantic relationships. Primary reasons for cohabiting included finances, convenience, and housing needs; cohabiting as a trial marriage was not mentioned as the principal reason for moving in together. Plans for marriage remain abstract even when respondents determine that they and their partners are compatible.