农村卫生室收入情况调查与实证分析--以湖北省松滋市为例

村卫生室是农村三级医疗预防保健网的网底,承担着为农村居民提供基本公共卫生服务与疾病初级诊治的职责。村卫生室的收入情况直接影响到农村医生的收入水平与工作积极性。而村卫生室的收入受到村卫生室门诊人数、经营面积、村医人数等因素的影响。通过对湖北省松滋市259所村卫生室年收入情况进行实地调查,运用计量分析方法分析了影响村卫生室年收入的主要因素。     

Pricing and Operational Performance in Discretionary Services

In many services, for example, website or landscape design, the value or quality derived by a customer depends upon the service time, and this valuation differs across customers. Customers procure the service based on the expected value to be delivered, prices charged, and the timeliness of service. We investigate the performance of the optimal pricing scheme as well as two commonly used pricing schemes (fixed fee and time‐based pricing) for such services on important dimensions such as revenue, demand served, and utilization. We propose a novel model that captures the above features and wherein both service rate and demand are endogenous and functions of the pricing scheme. In particular, service time is an outcome of the pricing scheme adopted and the heterogeneous valuations of customers, unlike in the queueing‐based pricing literature. We find that the service system may benefit from a greater variance in consumer valuations, and the performance of pricing schemes is impacted by the shape of the distribution of customers' valuation of service time and the responsiveness desired by customers. Both the fixed fee and time‐based schemes do well relative to the optimal pricing scheme in terms of revenue in many plausible scenarios, but there are substantial differences between the pricing schemes in some important operational metrics. For instance, the fixed fee scheme serves more customers and has higher utilization than the time‐based scheme. We also explore variants of the fixed and time‐based schemes that have better revenue performance and show that the two‐part tariff which is a combination of fixed and time‐based pricing can do as well as the optimal scheme in terms of revenue.     

Block censoring scheme with two-parameter exponential distribution

This paper deals with a new censoring scheme, called ‘Block Censoring’ which reduces considerably the total time on test in the life testing experiments with respect to the common used experimental tests such as rightly censored data. This new scheme is analysed when the lifetimes of products follow the two-parameter exponential distribution. Specially, it is proved that the respective spacings are independently distributed exponential. The problem of estimating parameters is investigated in details.A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted for obtaining the optimal block censoring scheme in the sense of the shortest expected test time. Finally, a real data set on times to breakdown of an insulating fluid between electrodes from Nelson [Applied life data analysis. New York: Wiley; 1982. p.105] is analysed.     

Stochastic approximation results for variational inequality problem using random-type iterative schemes

Real world problems are embedded with uncertainties. Therefore, to tackle these problems, one must consider probabilistic nature of the problems both in modeling and solution. In this work, concepts of convergence of the solution of variational inequality in classical functional analysis are extended to a stochastic domain for a random Mann-type iterative and Ishikawa-type iterative schemes in a Banach space. A mean square convergence result is proved for this extension.     

The expected impact of the 2019 Brazilian pension reform on survivors’ pensions

This study analyses the expected changes in survivors’ pensions resulting from the permanent rules of the 2019 pension reform in Brazil. Actuarial annuities are used for representative worker profiles. The dispersion in the replacement rate values decreases, except for the highest income level. The rates needed to finance survivors’ pensions decrease relatively more than do the rates for old-age pensions. The internal rates of return significantly decrease. There is a heterogeneous change in the distributive aspects of the pension system. The reform shall affect the adequacy and intragenerational equity of old-age and survivors’ pensions.     

数字人民币视域下的货币犯罪

数字人民币具备不同于私人数字货币、人民币现金和移动支付的诸多特性。我国货币犯罪案件的数量并未因移动支付的广泛运用而降低，相反近年来在整体上呈上升趋势，导致货币犯罪的罪名在整体上的立法和适用价值进一步增加。针对数字人民币，货币犯罪的变革可采用立法修改、刑法解释和理论更新相结合的方案，具体为：停止适用变造货币罪，并根据伪造货币罪来认定变造数字人民币行为；修改关于伪造货币罪的低位阶规范性文件并重新解释相关构成要件要素。适用该罪时应注意：伪造货币罪是行为犯，无须发生进入流通、完成支付等结果即可既遂，这适用于数字人民币。在数字人民币的场合，应在该罪的主观构成要件要素中保留而非删除流通的目的。应对伪造数字人民币的常业犯从重处罚；停止适用持有假币罪和运输假币罪，对持有和运输假数字人民币行为出罪；购买假币罪、出售假币罪和使用假币罪可适用于数字人民币，但应注意：购买假币罪的主观构成要件要素中要有流通的目的，而出售假币罪的主观构成要件要素中无须有该目的。对使用假币罪而言，判断某种行为是否属于使用时，必须紧紧围绕"进入流通"来判断。一切导致假币进入流通的行为方式，包括支付对价、偿还债务、作为保证金提供给他人、作为注册资本验资、交换、赠与、存入金融机构、兑换真币等均属于使用，但单纯出示、委托保管不属于使用。判断假数字人民币是否进入流通时，不应使用与有体物紧密相关的"占有"一词，而应使用抽象意义更强的"支配"一词，具体而言：当他人从行为人处以电子支付方式取得对该假币的支配或破解了该假币的加密数据，并能对其随意支配时，该假币则进入了流通。行为人使用假数字人民币的行为表面上看同时构成使用假币罪和诈骗罪时，二罪的关系不是法条竞合而是想象竞合。根据想象竞合犯从一重罪处断的原则，应当将行为人的行为认定为法定刑较重的使用假币罪。     

VPND

通过对ＶＰＮＤ（ｖｉｒｔｕａｌ ｐｒｉｖａｔｅ ｎｅｔｗｏｋｒ ｄａｅｍｏｎ） 源程序的分析，介绍了虚拟专用网络实现过程中使用到的密钥交换技术和加密机制，同时，对程序结构、流程和加密算法作了详细的分析。该方法可用Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ代替租赁专线实现不同地点网络的安全互联，对于在世界各地拥有许多分支机构的企业来说，它是一种较为简单、实用的解决方案。     

The limits of parametric reforms in sustaining the Algerian retirement system in a context of population ageing

Accelerated population ageing in Algeria threatens the financial sustainability of its pay-as-you-go retirement system. Reform is a necessity, with options ranging from simple parametric reforms to important systemic changes. Prior to undertaking systemic reforms, it is worthwhile to investigate whether parametric reforms can place the system on a financially sustainable footing. In this article, we used a multi-scenario analysis that crosses the possible reform actions with possible socioeconomic scenarios. The results show that when using the most favourable scenarios, the financial balance of the Algerian system will remain negative in the short and long term. Implementing major parametric reforms can only help reduce the deficit and make it stable over time. Thereafter, systemic reforms will have to be implemented.     

巷道瓦斯爆炸二次反冲的数值模拟

通过建立瓦斯爆炸流场的数学模型，运用ＴＶＤ（ｔｏｔａｌ ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ ｄｉｍｉｎｉｓｈｉｎｇ）格式的有限差分方法，模拟了瓦斯爆炸冲击波峰值超压沿井巷的衰减规律，着重反映了冲击波二次反冲过程，其结果对于实际防爆工程设计具有指导意义。