Trading favors—Examining the temporal dynamics of reciprocity in congressional collaborations using relational event models

The norm of reciprocity shapes social interactions over time and should therefore be analyzed using longitudinal designs. This paper examines the temporal dynamics of reciprocity in the setting of legislative cosponsorship in the 113th U.S. Congress (2013–2015). Rather than aggregating cosponsoring events into network snapshots, cosponsoring events are ordered in time and reflect an event sequence of members supporting bills at distinct points in time. The norm of reciprocity is tested to see if it affects (a) new collaboration clusters emerging over time or (b) the time-to-cosponsoring. Findings suggest that receiving cosponsoring support recently, leads to future collaborations. However, this finding holds only for Republican members of Congress. Furthermore, reciprocity demands do not expedite cosponsorship support and members do not react faster to favors they received, calling mitigating effects of reciprocity on collective action into question.     

Proportional Rate Model with Incomplete Covariate and Complete Auxiliary Information

This paper deals with the analysis of proportional rate model for recurrent event data when covariates are subject to missing. The true covariate is measured only on a randomly chosen validation set, whereas auxiliary information is available for all cohort subjects. To further utilize the auxiliary information to improve study efficiency, we propose an estimated estimating equation for the regression parameters. The resulting estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Both graphical and numerical techniques for checking the adequacy of the model are presented. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed estimators. Illustration with a real medical study is provided.     

健身气功对中老年女性大脑自动化加工能力的影响

研究利用事件相关脑电位技术,探讨健身气功对中老年女性自动化加工的影响。随机选取年龄、受教育年限相当的中老年女性健身气功练者（气功组）和非健身气功练习者（对照组）为研究对象,在安静状态和气功练习后进行脑电采集。研究显示安静状态下,气功组MMN振幅较对照组出现显著性提高,且气功组练习后MMN振幅较于安静状态亦出现显著性提高,表明健身气功可以提高中老年女性大脑自动化加工能力,抵抗环境干扰,促进心理健康。     

环境保护、群体压力还是利益波及:厦门居民PX环境运动参与行为的动机分析

根据2008年在厦门市收集到的问卷调查数据,本文分析了厦门市居民参与PX环境运动的动机。分析表明,居民的参与行为可以分为信息性参与、诉求性参与和抗争性参与三种类型;社会动机是影响居民各类参与行为最为显著的共同因素;一般环保动机会影响信息性参与,自利动机和厦门环保动机可以促进诉求性参与,而自利动机会影响抗争性参与。厦门PX环境运动具有“群体动员”的特点。厦门居民参与PX环境运动只体现出浅层的公民性,非政府组织的功能缺失是造成这一局面的重要深层原因之一。     

事后行为的前序性展开

犯罪的完成是以刑法保护客体即刑法法益为考察基点,在法定意义上的价值评判,是立法者进行价值选择的结果,而不是从自然角度观察的行为过程的完成,因而犯罪已经既遂但行为尚未终了、或虽行为终了但行为人还要实施其他犯罪行为便成为通常的情况。此时,刑法规范当然得发挥其对法益的动态保护机能,使受侵害之法益尽早脱离行为人之掌控或避免它种法益受到侵害或威胁,由此便凸显运用刑法理论对纷繁复杂的事后行为给予恰当的刑法评价的理论和现实意义。     

北京奥运会空间效应研究

在系统分析奥运与城市空间作用机制的基础上,认为奥运会对城市空间起作用的机制主要包括土地市场的供需、城市空间意象的形成、城市空间结构的耦合协同作用、奥运经济的衍生与挤出效应等,并在阐释北京奥运场馆建设的基础上详细分析了奥运会对北京城市空间的影响。     

非对称信息下闭环供应链回购契约应对突发事件策略研究

研究了非对称信息下一个制造商和一个零售商组成的两级闭环供应链在回购契约下的协调问题。在考虑零售商销售成本信息为非对称信息和随机性市场需求基础上,首先,分析了在正常状态下分散式系统决策情况,通过重新设计可变参数解决了信息不对称的问题,实现了回购契约下的信息共享和供应链的完美协调;然后,探讨了闭环供应链回购契约应对突发事件的协调问题。研究结果表明：当突发事件造成市场规模和制造商生产成本同时扰动时,闭环供应链的销售活动将受影响,闭环供应链的协调将被打破,而闭环供应链的废旧品回收活动却不受突发事件的影响。为此,给出了闭环供应链回购契约的应急决策。最后通过数值算例验证了结论。     

媒介动员、钉子户与抗争政治——宜黄事件再分析

宜黄事件具有某种标志性意义,它颠覆了当代中国抗争政治的刻板印象,创造了一个新的抗争政治类型。宜黄事件原本是一个普通的钉子户抗争事件,在进入媒体的视野之前,它只是底层政治的一部分,当事人采用的基本上属于“弱者的武器”的方式,并且是地方性的、特殊的和双轨的,显著性和协同性都不高。由于媒介动员将政策的内在张力呈现于公众视野,钉子户利用这一政治机遇结构,不断创新了抗争表演,从而使宜黄事件发生了规模转变和极化,最终使事件发展成为一场要求保护弱势群体利益,发动制度变革的专业化社会运动的一部分,宜黄事件也就具有了普适性的、模式化的和自主的特征。宜黄事件的遣散是因为钉子户和媒体的抗争目标出现了竞争,而并非明确的适度制度化所致,这是当代中国国家建设中“反体制”的体制重建的一部分。     

Nonparametric Two-Sample Tests of Longitudinal Data with Termination Events

In longitudinal data, observations of response variables occur at fixed or random time points, and can be stopped by a termination event. When comparing longitudinal data for two groups, such irregular observation behavior must be considered to yield suitable results. In this article, we propose the use of nonparametric tests based on the difference between weighted cumulative mean functions for comparing two mean functions with an adjustment for difference in the timing of termination events. We also derive the asymptotic null distributions of the test statistics and examine their small sample properties through simulations. We apply our method to data from a study of liver cirrhosis.     

A Marginal Additive Rates Model for Recurrent Event Data with a Terminal Event

Recurrent events data with a terminal event often arise in many longitudinal studies. Most of existing models assume multiplicative covariate effects and model the conditional recurrent event rate given survival. In this article, we propose a marginal additive rates model for recurrent events with a terminal event, and develop two procedures for estimating the model parameters. The asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators are established. In addition, some numerical procedures are presented for model checking. The finite-sample behavior of the proposed methods is examined through simulation studies, and an application to a bladder cancer study is also illustrated.