归因与归责:刑事医疗诉讼中鉴定机构与法院的角色定位

在刑事医疗诉讼中, 鉴定机构和法院的关系应当是刑法上“归因”与“归责”的关系。归因是因果关系的判断, 是事实判断;归责是刑事责任的判断, 是价值判断。中国刑法中所使用的“归责”不同于大陆法系三阶层犯罪论体系中使用的“归责”, 区分归因与归责对于准确界定鉴定机构和法院之间的功能与角色以及医疗诉讼的处理具有重要意义。     

Some principles of cost-benefit analysis of family planning services in developing countries

A number of controversial issues are discussed, relating to the assessment of both costs and benefits of family planning services. All costs and benefits, whether accruing to society or the parents of the child whose birth is averted, and the child itself, should be included in the analysis, even if they cannot easily be measured or appear as externalities. Different rates of interest to be used in discounting to obtain present values apply to various items; these rates may vary between the commercial rates of interest and negative values. It is also shown that the costs of running a service include, in addition to current expenditure, not only basic investments, but also that the benefit accruing to society by averting births comprises a kind of investment, namely the amount spent on the subsistence of the child whose birth is averted before he would have started producing. Marginal values are to be preferred to average values for the calculation of costs and benefits. Thus, the costs of a family planning service should be expressed as the amount of money needed to avert one additional birth and the benefits as the amount saved by one additional averted birth. The latter cannot be measured by comparing the GNP per head when the birth is averted, with the situation when it is not. This can only be done by computing the excess of the child’s life-time consumption over his life-time production.     

论过失犯中结果避免可能性的判断

在过失犯中采纳结果避免可能性理论,既有实定法依据,也能够解决实务中践行传统过失审查模式所导致的问题,保证归责范围的妥当性。要使结果避免可能性理论研究的教义学成果在实务中落地生根,必须结合实务案例确定结果避免可能性理论适用的具体操作指南。首先,合义务替代行为是最低限度的符合全部注意义务的行为。其次,应当区分风险,在假定因果流程中需要考虑的是与行为人所创设风险之实现有关的“关联风险”,而要避免的“结果”必须结合具体的时空关系进行判断。最后,应当判断是否确定能够避免结果发生,在不能确定能否避免结果发生时,应采取风险升高理论;但在避免结果发生的可能性较小时,可对行为人酌情从轻处罚。     

按份共有人优先购买权若干争议问题探析

按份共有人优先购买权与按份共有关系相始终,无需公示就具有对抗第三人的效力。在所有权以外的其他财产权的准按份共有关系中,除地役权和担保物权的准按份共有之外,均得适用按份共有人优先购买权制度。行使该权利的结果,可使权利人优先于第三人取得被出卖的共有份额。在多数按份共有人依多数决原则出卖共有物时,不同意出卖的共有人对同意出卖的共有人所持的共有份额不享有优先购买权。     

Toward Best Practices in Analyzing Datasets with Missing Data: Comparisons and Recommendations

Although several methods have been developed to allow for the analysis of data in the presence of missing values, no clear guide exists to help family researchers in choosing among the many options and procedures available. We delineate these options and examine the sensitivity of the findings in a regression model estimated in three random samples from the National Survey of Families and Households (n = 250–2,000). These results, combined with findings from simulation studies, are used to guide answers to a set of 10 common questions asked by researchers when selecting a missing data approach. Modern missing data techniques were found to perform better than traditional ones, but differences between the types of modern approaches had minor effects on the estimates and substantive conclusions. Our findings suggest that the researcher has considerable flexibility in selecting among modern options for handling missing data.     

基于数据缺失率和缺失模式的多重插补误差研究

文章通过多重插补方法对不同缺失率和缺失模式的多变量缺失样本进行插补,研究了多重插补误差与缺失率和缺失模式的依赖关系。结果表明,当缺失率为0~15%时,多重插补误差与缺失率呈线性关系;当缺失率大于15%时,两者呈偏离线性关系。多重插补误差与缺失模式的方差均值比呈正相关性,当方差均值比越大时,误差也越大。     

论环境公平视野下农村环境污染治理的对策

近年来,环境公平问题在农村社会凸显,严重威胁着农村社会的环境安全和农村环境污染的治理。城乡环境不公更成为农村环境污染治理的重要制约因素。农村居民在环境资源的分配使用、环境污染后果的承担等方面都明显处于不公平的境遇。因此应当结合环境公平理论的新要求以环境公平为基本理念构建新的农村环境污染治理政策,实现城乡环境经济的一体化发展。     

A SCORE TEST FOR SEASONAL FRACTIONAL INTEGRATION AND COINTEGRATION

This paper develops a time domain score statistic for testing fractional integration at zero and seasonal frequencies in quarterly time series models. Further, it introduces the notion of fractional cointegration at different frequencies between two seasonally integrated, I(1) series. In testing problems involving seasonal fractional cointegration, it is argued that the alternative hypothesis is one-sided for which the usual score test may not be appropriate. Therefore, based on ideas in Silvapulle and Silvapulle (1995), a one-sided score statistic is constructed. A simulation study finds that the score statistic generally has desirable size and power properties in moderately sized samples. The score test is applied to the quarterly Australian consumption function. The income and consumption series are found to be I(1) at zero and seasonal frequencies and these two series are not cointegrated at any frequency.     

一种基音提取算法

根据基音周期平滑变化的特点,基于语音信号的准周期性进行了语音信号的基音提取。该算法主要针对多带激励模型（ＭＢＥ）,采用传统的时域分析法,先用语音信号的相关性进行基音周期的估计,再由分数延迟法提取基音周期,使预测结果更加准确,更具实时性,有利于语音编码与识别。     

A new approach for disclosure control in the IAB establishment panel—multiple imputation for a better data access

For micro-datasets considered for release as scientific or public use files, statistical agencies have to face the dilemma of guaranteeing the confidentiality of survey respondents on the one hand and offering sufficiently detailed data on the other hand. For that reason, a variety of methods to guarantee disclosure control is discussed in the literature. In this paper, we present an application of Rubin’s (J. Off. Stat. 9, 462–468, 1993) idea to generate synthetic datasets from existing confidential survey data for public release.We use a set of variables from the 1997 wave of the German IAB Establishment Panel and evaluate the quality of the approach by comparing results from an analysis by Zwick (Ger. Econ. Rev. 6(2), 155–184, 2005) with the original data with the results we achieve for the same analysis run on the dataset after the imputation procedure. The comparison shows that valid inferences can be obtained using the synthetic datasets in this context, while confidentiality is guaranteed for the survey participants.