Nonparametric smoothing in the analysis of air pollution and respiratory illness

While most of epidemiology is observational, rather than experimental, the culture of epidemiology is still derived from agricultural experiments, rather than other observational fields, such as astronomy or economics. The mismatch is made greater as focus has turned to continue risk factors, multifactorial outcomes, and outcomes with large variation unexplainable by available risk factors. The analysis of such data is often viewed as hypothesis testing with statistical control replacing randomization. However, such approaches often test restricted forms of the hypothesis being investigated, such as the hypothesis of a linear association, when there is no prior empirical or theoretical reason to believe that if an association exists, it is linear. In combination with the large nonstochastic sources of error in such observational studies, this suggests the more flexible alternative of exploring the association. Conclusions on the possible causal nature of any discovered association will rest on the coherence and consistency of multiple studies. Nonparametric smoothing in general, and generalized additive models in particular, represent an attractive approach to such problems. This is illustrated using data examining the relationship between particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Birmingham, Alabama; between particulate air pollution, ozone, and SO₂ and daily hospital admissions for respiratory illness in Philadelphia; and between ozone and particulate air pollution and coughing episodes in children in six eastern U.S. cities. The results indicate that airborne particles and ozone are associated with adverse health outcomes at very low concentrations, and that there are likely no thresholds for these relationships.     

对收入分配差距与调控的分析

目前,我国居民收入分配差距总体上呈扩大态势。但是,因收入分配差距扩大而导致的贫富差别并不等于两极分化,两者既有区别又有联系。因此,我们必须充分重视收入差距扩大造成的负面影响,并采取措施加以解决。当务之急是要对收入过高和过低的两头进行必要的调控,重点是解决贫困问题,将低收入层的收入水平升上去。同时利用国家的财税手段和法律手段,调控收入分配差距。     

马克思的劳动价值论和按生产要素分配

生产要素所有权决定劳动产品的分配。不同社会制度下劳动产品的分配不同根源于生产资料所有制的不同。市场经济条件下生产要素获取收益的方式主要有三种：把生产要素当作商品、把生产要素当作资本商品，把生产要素当作资本。无论何种方式参与分配的依据都是生产要素的所有权，而非劳动价值论：劳动价值论不是生产要素参与分配的依据，但在市场经济中两者有着内在的联系。     

广义部分Bent函数的一些构造方法

利用广义部分Bent函数的等价条件给出了广义部分Bent函数的一些构造方法     

关于广义Ramanujan-Nagell方程解数

设p是奇素数，D是适合p D是正奇数，证明了，当D≠Ap^r-1，其中r是正整数时，方程x^2 D=4p^n至多有1组正整数解（x,n）。     

TOT项目融资模式的价格决策模型

系统分析了利用TOT模式进行转移定价的影响因素,从双方经济效益最大化的角度出发,建立了不同目标下的转移定价决策模型,确定了实现双赢的价格水平,为TOT项目转移价格的确定和决策提供了理论依据。     

网络零售配送系统最优运作成本的分析

针对配送运作成本关键部分棗平均运距作出的估计,在车辆路径问题渐进最优理论的基础上,建立了一个平均运作成本最优的规划模型,从经济的角度对运作策略作了简要分析。与其他规划模型不同,新建模型考虑了平均水平的概率特性及众多实际因素,因而具有较好的实用性。     

企业现行分配制度的问题及改革

文章指出了企业现行分配制度存在的问题,阐述了岗效工资的运行机制,提出了岗效工资是企业分配制度改革的方向。     

Contre-exemple au théorème de P.C. Consul sur la factorisation des distributions de Poisson généralisées

This note exhibits two independent random variables on integers, X₁ and X₂, such that neither X₁ nor X₂ has a generalized Poisson distribution, but X₁ + X₂ has. This contradicts statements made by Professor Consul in his recent book.     

近代河南集市研究再思考

近代集市的发展不仅表现为数量方面的增加,也有集市数量不变而集市承载量增加的情况;考察集市分布密度以耕地面积为基础更有可比性,而且开市率的高低主要是人们传统习惯、人口规模、集市密度、商品化程度、经济发展状况等因素综合作用的结果,其中传统习惯对开市率的影响较大。