体外胚胎的基因遗传权保护问题探析————兼评“江苏无锡冷冻胚胎案”

体外胚胎作为现代医疗科学技术发展的产物,在改变人类生殖体系的同时,引发了一系列亟待解决的相关法律问题。通过对目前国内相关学者所提出的“主体说”“客体说”和“中介说”等学说的批判性思考,揭示其在理论层面的局限性,从而得以否定以上三种学说的合理性。而后从伦理学、法理以及比较法等角度对该问题进行系统性的论述,揭示体外胚胎的法律地位,即人格利益属性。在该定性的基础之上,借助于有关学者提出的基因权理论,最终将体外胚胎界定为基因遗传权的客体。因此,有必要对江苏无锡冷冻胚胎案的裁判结果予以重新审视。同时,建议在立法层面建立起体外胚胎基因遗传权的法律保护体系,完善侵害基因遗传权的救济措施,以实现对体外胚胎基因遗传权的法律保护。     

Estimation of Stratified Mark‐Specific Proportional Hazards Models with Missing Marks

Abstract. An objective of randomized placebo‐controlled preventive HIV vaccine efficacy trials is to assess the relationship between the vaccine effect to prevent infection and the genetic distance of the exposing HIV to the HIV strain represented in the vaccine construct. Motivated by this objective, recently a mark‐specific proportional hazards (PH) model with a continuum of competing risks has been studied, where the genetic distance of the transmitting strain is the continuous ‘mark’ defined and observable only in failures. A high percentage of genetic marks of interest may be missing for a variety of reasons, predominantly because rapid evolution of HIV sequences after transmission before a blood sample is drawn from which HIV sequences are measured. This research investigates the stratified mark‐specific PH model with missing marks where the baseline functions may vary with strata. We develop two consistent estimation approaches, the first based on the inverse probability weighted complete‐case (IPW) technique, and the second based on augmenting the IPW estimator by incorporating auxiliary information predictive of the mark. We investigate the asymptotic properties and finite‐sample performance of the two estimators, and show that the augmented IPW estimator, which satisfies a double robustness property, is more efficient.     

通货膨胀下的联合库存选址模型研究

研究了通货膨胀对涉及一个供应商、多个候选配送中心和零售商的三级分销网络设计的影响.不同于传统的联合库存选址模型,所研究的模型考虑了整个系统的相关成本的时间价值,其目标是使在一定的通货膨胀率下总的选址、运输和库存成本之和的现值最小.为此,建立了一个非线性的整数规划模型,该模型为无容量约束问题的扩展模型,属于NP-hard问题.提出了3种基于不同编码形式的遗传算法用于求解该模型,并通过不同规模的算例对3种算法进行了有效性的分析和对比.最后,通过对各算例的计算结果的分析,发现随着通货膨胀率的增长,为了使这个分析网络的总成本现值最小,需要增加建立的DC的数量.     

中国野生大豆遗传多样性研究

遗传多样性研究是保护生物学研究的重要内容之一,对种质资源的保存利用和研究有重要的理论价值及实践意义.野生大豆是栽培大豆的野生近缘种,在长期自然环境选择下形成了较为丰富的变异类型,是大豆的珍贵基因库,具有高蛋白含量、较强的抗逆性和较高的繁殖系数等优良特点,为栽培大豆的遗传育种和种质改良提供了重要的基因资源.从20世纪80年代初开始,中国科研工作者在对全国野生大豆（Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.）搜集考察基础上,分别从农艺性状、酶水平、基因水平和细胞质水平揭示了野生大豆的遗传多样性.近30年野生大豆遗传多样性的研究成果表明,野生大豆遗传多样性研究为野生大豆的种质保护与保存奠定了理论基础,同时,也为野生大豆作为栽培大豆的遗传资源提供了有效利用的理论依据.     

基于改进模糊遗传算法的混合车辆路径问题

本文建立了多配送中心、多车型、多产品的车辆路径问题的混合数学模型,提出了一种新的模糊遗传算法求解混合车辆路径问题,通过改进的模糊逻辑控制器实现交叉概率和变异概率的动态调整,以加快算法收敛速度并避免算法陷入局部最优解。采用标准算例进行对比,证明模糊遗传算法有较好的计算结果和计算效率,并用模糊遗传算法对混合车辆路径模型进行仿真测试,取得了理想的结果。     

Estimating Ethnic Genetic Interests: Is It Adaptive to Resist Replacement Migration?

Analyses of the costs and benefits of immigration have not considered the dependence of an ethny's reproductive fitness on its monopoly of a demarcated territory. Global assays of human genetic variation allow estimation of the genetic losses incurred by a member of a population when random fellow ethnics are replaced by immigrants from different ethnies. This potential loss defines an individual's ethnic genetic interest as a quantity that varies with the genetic distance of potential immigrants. W. D. Hamilton showed that self-sacrificial altruism is adaptive when it preserves the genetic interests of a population of genetically similar individuals. Ethnic genetic interest can be so large that altruism on behalf of one's ethny—'ethnic nepotism'—can be adaptive when it prevents replacement. It follows that ethnies usually have an interest in securing and maintaining a monopoly over a demarcated territory, an idea consonant with the universal nationalism of Bismarck and Woodrow Wilson.     

生物遗传资源的法律保护研究

生物遗传资源是包含生物遗传功能材料的资源;这种材料应该是＂活体＂,对我们具有实际的或者潜在的价值。生物遗传资源的权利主体应为相应的资源所属国和特定的自然人群体。在使用生物遗传资源的过程中,权利主体享有同意权。对于生物遗传资源的开发利用,权利主体可要求获得相应的利益。对于生物遗传资源的保护,我们不可能直接采取专利权的保护模式,只能间接采取专利权的保护模式。我们应参考印度、乌干达等公法规制国家的立法,强调对生物遗传资源保护的公法规制,以专门立法的形式对生物遗传资源进行保护。     

Distribution lot-sizing models for arborescent supply chains with discrete-period variable demand

This study formulates a novel mixed-integer programming lot-sizing model for arborescent supply chains with discrete-period variable demand and then develops an efficient two-phase heuristic method, in which a combined multi-period demand ordering policy, rather than the lot-for-lot ordering policy usually assumed in previous papers, is adopted. Two important properties are introduced and used to obtain a better initial feasible solution. The good performance of the proposed heuristic method is verified through a comparison with the optimal solution method. It is also shown that the performance of the proposed combined multi-period demand ordering method is superior to that of the lot-for-lot ordering method. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the impacts of changing the values of relevant parameters on the total supply chain cost, the total number of orders and the total number of opened members. Finally, a well-known logistics company in Taiwan is chosen to demonstrate the excellent performance and the aptness of the proposed ordering method.     

基于适度财务指标和遗传算法的财务危机预测模型研究

以往进行财务危机预测主要使用统计方法建模,迄今尚未见到因考虑财务指标的适度性而建立遗传算法模型的中外文献。适度财务指标是指该指标在某个区间内公司才是健康的,过大或过小则公司发生财务危机的可能性都较大。故以中国上市公司数据为样本,建立了基于适度财务指标和遗传算法的创新型财务危机预测模型,结果显示该类模型具有较高的预测准确率。     

Risk Estimation and Value-of-Information Analysis for Three Proposed Genetic Screening Programs for Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention

Genetic differences (polymorphisms) among members of a population are thought to influence susceptibility to various environmental exposures. In practice, however, this information is rarely incorporated into quantitative risk assessment and risk management. We describe an analytic framework for predicting the risk reduction and value-of-information (VOI) resulting from specific risk management applications of genetic biomarkers, and we apply the framework to the example of occupational chronic beryllium disease (CBD), an immune-mediated pulmonary granulomatous disease. One described Human Leukocyte Antigen gene variant, HLA-DP beta 1*0201, contains a substitution of glutamate for lysine at position 69 that appears to have high sensitivity (approximately 94%) but low specificity (approximately 70%) with respect to CBD among individuals occupationally exposed to respirable beryllium. The expected postintervention CBD prevalence rates for using the genetic variant (1) as a required job placement screen, (2) as a medical screen for semiannual in place of annual lymphocyte proliferation testing, or (3) as a voluntary job placement screen are 0.08%, 0.8%, and 0.6%, respectively, in a hypothetical cohort with 1% baseline CBD prevalence. VOI analysis is used to examine the reduction in total social cost, calculated as the net value of disease reduction and financial expenditures, expected for proposed CBD intervention programs based on the genetic susceptibility test. For the example cohort, the expected net VOI per beryllium worker for genetically based testing and intervention is $13,000, $1,800, and $5,100, respectively, based on a health valuation of $1.45 million per CBD case avoided. VOI results for alternative CBD evaluations are also presented. Despite large parameter uncertainty, probabilistic analysis predicts generally positive utility for each of the three evaluated programs when avoidance of a CBD case is valued at $1 million or higher. Although the utility of a proposed risk management program may be evaluated solely in terms of risk reduction and financial costs, decisions about genetic testing and program implementation must also consider serious social, legal, and ethical factors.