Sociolinguistic interaction and identity construction: The view from game‐theoretic pragmatics

Understanding the dynamics that characterize interaction between conversational participants is a fundamental goal of most theories of socially conditioned language use and identity construction through language. In this paper, I outline a class of formal tools that, I suggest, can be helpful in making progress towards this goal. More precisely, this paper explores how Bayesian signalling game models can be used to formalize key aspects of current sociolinguistic theories, and, in doing so, contribute to our knowledge of how speakers use their linguistic resources to communicate information and carve out their place in the social world. The Bayesian framework has become increasingly popular for the analysis of pragmatic phenomena of many different types, and, more generally, these models have become a dominant paradigm for the explanation of non‐linguistic cognitive processes. As such, I argue that this approach has the potential to yield a formalized theory of personal and social identity construction and to situate the study of sociolinguistic interaction within a broader theory of rationalistic cognition.     

Multi-ethnic school environment from the school leader’s perspective: challenges and approaches to improve multi-cultural competency among teachers in Malaysia

This study aims to identify the challenges and approaches to improve a multicultural competency among teachers in multi-ethnic schools environment based on school leaders’ perspective. Data collection method used in this study is qualitative method. A total of nine school leaders from the states of Kedah, Penang, and Perak were included in the interview session. The results of this study show that the challenges faced by teachers in practicing the multicultural competency are lack of experience toward cultural diversity. A late exposure to cultural diversity makes it difficult for teachers to accept and adapt in a multi-ethnic school environment. The approaches suggested by school leaders to improve the multicultural competency are as follows: (1) Courses on cultural diversity should be organized to enhance the knowledge about cultural diversity; (2) the development of more open and better policy for education system in Malaysia in order to prepare teachers with a higher multicultural competency for teaching students from diverse ethnic and cultural groups; (3) an early exposure to cultural diversity in order to increase the multicultural competency, especially during teaching practicum.     

Decomposition of the main effects and interaction term by using orthogonal polynomials in multiple non symmetrical correspondence analysis

The multiple non symmetric correspondence analysis (MNSCA) is a useful technique for analyzing a two-way contingency table. In more complex cases, the predictor variables are more than one. In this paper, the MNSCA, along with the decomposition of the Gray–Williams Tau index, in main effects and interaction term, is used to analyze a contingency table with two predictor categorical variables and an ordinal response variable. The Multiple-Tau index is a measure of association that contains both main effects and interaction term. The main effects represent the change in the response variables due to the change in the level/categories of the predictor variables, considering the effects of their addition, while the interaction effect represents the combined effect of predictor categorical variables on the ordinal response variable. Moreover, for ordinal scale variables, we propose a further decomposition in order to check the existence of power components by using Emerson's orthogonal polynomials.     

A Mann–Whitney type effect measure of interaction for factorial designs

We propose a measure for interaction for factorial designs that is formulated in terms of a probability similar to the effect size of the Mann–Whitney test. It is shown how asymptotic confidence intervals can be obtained for the effect size and how a statistical test can be constructed. We further show how the test is related to the test proposed by Bhapkar and Gore [Sankhya A, 36:261–272 (1974)]. The results of a simulation study indicate that the test has good power properties and illustrate when the asymptotic approximations are adequate. The effect size is demonstrated on an example dataset.     

The Importance of “Empty Gestures” in Recovery: Being Human Together

What do clients/patients want or value from their encounters with healthcare providers? Based on ethnographic research conducted with individuals suffering from drug addiction and mental health issues, this article argues that clients/patients treasure “everyday” or “human” interaction with medical staff. Everydayness is accomplished through three generic social processes: **co‐silence, inclusion in back‐stage activity, and physical dramatizations of authenticity. These processes and other ordinary interactional strategies for “being human together” should be seen as vital tools for recovery.     

产品广义交互设计的内涵及其价值转向

进入21世纪,产品的交互方式和体验价值成为提升产品竞争力的关键因素,广义的交互性不仅包括传统的人机交互,还涉及到由产品引发的人际交互。传统交互设计主要关注物质维度的实用功能和行为维度的使用方式。当代广义交互设计主要聚焦于自然交互和社会交互,促进技术的人性化和人际和谐,人性价值和社会效应至上,正是广义交互设计的价值取向。     

“西方经济学”案例教学实施中的主要问题及对策

“西方经济学”是一门重要的经济学核心课程,在西方称为“经济学原理”,是西方市场经济实践后总结的系统理论,是其它学科的基础平台。因此,案例教学在“西方经济学”教学中显得尤为重要。首先论述案例教学在“西方经济学”教学中的作用,并指出了“西方经济学”实施案例教学的主要问题,最后提出相关的解决对策。     

唐代的民族交融与政治发展

唐朝前期民族融合与发展 ,体现出唐朝前期的强盛局面 ;但是“安史之乱”以后 ,地方分离与民族分化则成为另一种现象 ,并最终导致五代十国的分立局面。其原因表现在多方面 ,但王朝集权的削弱 ,无疑是最关键的因素。     

全球化：转轨与传媒的共有平台

自20世纪90年代以来,国内外的研究者们提供了一系列多视角、多层次的转轨研究成果。但从传媒入手,透过传媒变革考察并解释转轨的研究并不多见。文章从全球化入手,从制度与技术两个层面分析了在全球化的进程中传媒与转轨的互动关系,研究表明,传媒与市场经济、传媒与完政之间高度互动,互相促进：一方面,健康的传媒是现代市场经济必要的制度机制;另一方面,传媒自身特有的政治与意识形态功能,使得传媒变革成为一国政治体制变革进程的指示灯或晴雨表。由此可见,传媒承载并浓缩着一国在特定时期的政治与经济等领域的发展状况,聚焦并解析传媒,可以“一叶知秋”考察出一国市场化发育程度与一国宪政发展状况。     

空间相互作用与城市经济增长--来自长三角的证据

基于以往研究对空间相互作用方向性考虑不足的事实,文章以长三角133个县市为例,构建了融合新经济地理学与中心地理论的理论框架,将表征空间需求关联的总体市场潜能细分为来自同层级、高等级、低等级三个方向,利用空间计量模型估计了总体及不同方向的空间相互作用对长三角地区人均GDP增长与人口增长的效应。结果显示：在控制空间依赖导致的间接溢出效应等因素后,并未发现存在要素价格绝对调整或要素数量绝对调整的证据,总体市场潜能的提高同时促进了城市人均GDP增长与人口增长;就不同方向的空间相互作用而言,大城市的自身发展有利于中等城市的人均GDP增长,大城市之间、大城市对下级城市、小城市对上级城市形成了人口增长的良性互动格局,而中等城市之间以及中等城市对大城市的人口增长则表现为回流效应。