Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

中国商业银行市场结构与市场绩效分析

目前,中国商业银行寡头垄断的市场结构仍十分明显。国有商业银行虽然维系了资产规模的垄断结构,却没能取得维系垄断结构所应获取的垄断优势效应。造成这种状况的主要原因在于中国商业银行的垄断格局并非是在市场竞争的结果,而主要是由历史因素、行政手段所导致的。商业银行的市场结构再造,必须在借助政府力量重组现有商业银行结构体系的同时,降低行业进入壁垒,导入有效竞争。     

欧洲经货联盟运行以来的经济绩效分析

本文分析了欧洲经货联盟的政策框架,并总结出其特点。在此框架下,分析了自1999年欧元运行以来欧元区的总体经济运行状况。结论是:欧元区货币政策和财政政策协调框架是成功的,它保证了欧元区宏观经济的稳定,但没有将其转化为经济增长的动力,经济增长不容乐观;欧洲经货联盟加速了欧洲经济一体化,特别是金融一体化的进程。     

Effects of Medicaid managed care policies on mental health service use among a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system

Children in the child welfare system are dependent upon Medicaid to finance services for their considerable mental health needs. This study examines the effects of Medicaid policies on mental health service use among a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system. Data for this study came from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, the Caring for Children in Child Welfare study, and the Area Resource File. Weighted multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate effects of policy variables on children's use of mental health services, controlling for child-level covariates and county-level health resources. Children in counties with behavioral carve-outs under Medicaid managed care had lower odds of inpatient mental health service use. Medicaid managed care enrollment and variations in type of provider reimbursement did not affect use of mental health services. Older age, greater need for mental health services, and higher levels of caregiver education were associated with increased odds of service use. Restrictions on use of inpatient mental healthcare caused by behavioral carve-outs may disproportionately affect children in the child welfare system who have high rates of such use. Careful adoption of carve-outs is necessary to assure appropriate care for these children.     

基于移动代理的新型IDS维护更新机制设计

提出了一种基于移动代理的新型分布式入侵检测系统。该系统是针对广域网环境专门设计的,数据的处理通过各节点所设置的代理来进行分布式计算,不仅能实现全网络范围内的入侵检测功能,具有良好的可移植性;而且对网络系统和主机的资源占用较低,减少了出现网络瓶颈的可能。还建立了移动代理的新型分布式入侵检测系统的体系结构和理论分析模型,并讨论了该系统的维护更新机制。     

美国高校教师绩效评价中的问题及启示

教师绩效评价制度是高校提高教育质量的重要保障，也是了解教师工作状况、评价教师教学成果的主要手段，美国高校教师绩效评价制度中存在着教师对绩效评价的宗旨不理解、绩效评价主体遭到质疑、各绩效评价指标间存在失衡等问题。充分认识这些问题对我国建立和完善高校教师绩效评价制度具有一定的启示作用，     

基于3C的TBI绩效评价指标体系初探

对TBI绩效评价的研究,应放在对作为TBI母系统的科技中介的绩效评价研究的大框架下来考虑.科技中介绩效评价研究的意义集中体现在对科技中介发展评价指标的研究方面.科技中介绩效评价指标体系的设计依据、设计原则及必含指标,同样适用于TBI的绩效评价.归纳分析我国TBI绩效评价研究的现状可知,存在着研究不深入、绩效指标体系建立不完整等问题.基于"3C"的TBI绩效评价理论体系的提出,能够使现存的问题得以有效的解决.     

中国交通运输业发展的实证研究

采用协整和误差纠正模型与方法，对中国改革开放20多年来交通运输发展与一些相关影响因素之间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明：旅客运输需求与国民收入、乘车费用之间，货物运输与国民经济、燃油价格之间分别存在长期稳定关系。研究认为：中国交通的发展应适当超前于国民经济的发展。同时，研究还发现：“旅游黄金周”的实施并不是促进中国旅客运输需求的显著影响因素。     

大学生自我概念与学业成就关系研究

自我概念是国内外心理学研究的一个中心问题。自我概念水平的高低与心理健康水平的高低成正比。健康的自我概念会对大学生心理、行为产生正面影响。自我概念与大学生的学业成就有着直接关系.应培养学生积极健康的自我概念。     

Trade-Offs Between Formal Home Health Care and Informal Family CareGiving

Using 1994 National Long Term Care Survey data, we estimated logistic regressions of formal and informal home health care use and hours. Home health care use and intensity were differentially impacted by chronic conditions, are higher for Medicaid enrollees and rural or small town residents, but lower for HMO enrollees. Decreases in the probability of home health care use increased informal instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) support four hours and decreased informal activities of daily living (ADL) support eight hours weekly. IADL caregiving substituted for formal care, but ADL caregiving declined with reductions in formal care. Public policy reducing formal home health care access may reduce informal ADL caregiving and increase informal IADL caregiving, producing net declines in support.