Does Market Incompleteness Matter?

This paper argues that incompleteness of intertemporal financial markets has little effect (on welfare, prices, or consumption) in an economy with a single consumption good, provided that traders are long–lived and patient, a riskless bond is traded, shocks are transitory, and there is no aggregate risk. In an economy with aggregate risk, a similar conclusion holds, provided traders share the same CRRA utility function and the right assets are traded. Examples demonstrate that these conclusions need not hold if the wrong assets are traded or if the economy has multiple consumption goods.     

不完全信息下的一种信用分类方法

本文详细分析了一类典型的不完全信息的信用评价问题,即存在信用参考信息不完全或样本数据较少,以及某些指标数据为区间数等。文章首先考虑具有不完全信用参考信息的情况,在分析这类问题特性的基础上,基于数据包络分析理论(DEA),提出一种以拒绝案例集构造参考单元集的方法,并给出了相应的DEA模型。然后,进一步考虑带有较为复杂区间指标数据这类具有不完全指标信息的信用评价问题,并给出了相应的信用分析方法,最后采用算例说明本文提出方法的合理性。由于所提方法能有效地处理信用信息不完全和指标数据不完全的情况,故其具有较为广泛的实用性。     

Remove unwanted variation retrieves unknown experimental designs

Remove unwanted variation (RUV) is an estimation and normalization system in which the underlying correlation structure of a multivariate dataset is estimated from negative control measurements, typically gene expression values, which are assumed to stay constant across experimental conditions. In this paper we derive the weight matrix which is estimated and incorporated into the generalized least squares estimates of RUV-inverse, and show that this weight matrix estimates the average covariance matrix across negative control measurements. RUV-inverse can thus be viewed as an estimation method adjusting for an unknown experimental design. We show that for a balanced incomplete block design (BIBD), RUV-inverse recovers intra- and interblock estimates of the relevant parameters and combines them as a weighted sum just like the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE), except that the weights are globally estimated from the negative control measurements instead of being individually optimized to each measurement as in the classical, single measurement BIBD BLUE.     

Bargaining and Reputation

The paper develops a reputation based theory of bargaining. The idea is to investigate and highlight the influence of bargaining ‘postures’ on bargaining outcomes. A complete information bargaining model a la Rubinstein is amended to accommodate ‘irrational types’ who are obstinate, and indeed for tractability assumed to be completely inflexible in their offers and demands. A strong ‘independence of procedures’ result is derived: after initial postures have been adopted, the bargaining outcome is independent of the fine details of the bargaining protocol so long as both players have the opportunity to make offers frequently. The latter analysis yields a unique continuous‐time limit with a war of attrition structure. In the continuous‐time game, equilibrium is unique, and entails delay, consequently inefficiency. The equilibrium outcome reflects the combined influence of the rates of time preference of the players and the ex ante probabilities of different irrational types. As the probability of irrationality goes to zero, delay and inefficiency disappear; furthermore, if there is a rich set of types for both agents, the limit equilibrium payoffs are inversely proportional to their rates of time preference.     

出口对产业结构升级的影响分析——基于我国可比价投入产出表的实证研究

文章利用投入产出模型,从理论上说明随着经济增长以及收入的提高,需求结构不断变化确实是引起产业结构变化的原因,并将需求结构分解为消费结构、投资结构和出口结构。同时分析我国近20年来出口结构的变化以及产业结构变化的规律,利用给出结构变动的测算方法并结合1987年到2005年的可比价投入产出表说明出口结构变化对产业结构变化的影响是最大的,同时给出出口结构的变化情况。     

以学生为中心的主题教学模式在英语专业精读课堂的应用与分析

通过刻录光盘和问卷调查的方法,对采用“以学生为中心的主题教学模式”的英语专业精读课堂教师引导、学生交互、活动方式等方面进行系统分析。研究结果表明,与以教师为主导的传统教学方法相比,以学生为中心的主题教学模式能更充分调动学习者的主观能动性和创造性,给学习者提供更多的双向交际的机会,营造一个更好的语言习得环境,因而更有利于英语专业学生的语言习得,提高语言综合应用的实践能力。     

Logratio approach to statistical analysis of 2×2 compositional tables

Compositional tables represent a continuous counterpart to well-known contingency tables. Their cells contain quantitatively expressed relative contributions of a whole, carrying exclusively relative information and are popularly represented in proportions or percentages. The resulting factors, corresponding to rows and columns of the table, can be inspected similarly as with contingency tables, e.g. for their mutual independent behaviour. The nature of compositional tables requires a specific geometrical treatment, represented by the Aitchison geometry on the simplex. The properties of the Aitchison geometry allow a decomposition of the original table into its independent and interactive parts. Moreover, the specific case of 2×2 compositional tables allows the construction of easily interpretable orthonormal coordinates (resulting from the isometric logratio transformation) for the original table and its decompositions. Consequently, for a sample of compositional tables both explorative statistical analysis like graphical inspection of the independent and interactive parts or any statistical inference (odds-ratio-like testing of independence) can be performed. Theoretical advancements of the presented approach are demonstrated using two economic applications.     

An empirical comparison of Canonical Correspondence Analysis and STATICO in the identification of spatio-temporal ecological relationships

The wide-ranging and rapidly evolving nature of ecological studies mean that it is not possible to cover all existing and emerging techniques for analyzing multivariate data. However, two important methods enticed many followers: the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and the STATICO analysis. Despite the particular characteristics of each, they have similarities and differences, which when analyzed properly, can, together, provide important complementary results to those that are usually exploited by researchers. If on one hand, the use of CCA is completely generalized and implemented, solving many problems formulated by ecologists, on the other hand, this method has some weaknesses mainly caused by the imposition of the number of variables that is required to be applied (much higher in comparison with samples). Also, the STATICO method has no such restrictions, but requires that the number of variables (species or environment) is the same in each time or space. Yet, the STATICO method presents information that can be more detailed since it allows visualizing the variability within groups (either in time or space). In this study, the data needed for implementing these methods are sketched, as well as the comparison is made showing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The treated ecological data are a sequence of pairs of ecological tables, where species abundances and environmental variables are measured at different, specified locations, over the course of time.     

不完全契约视角下的工程项目风险分担框架研究

以往关于工程项目风险分担的研究多集中于技术层面,将风险分担视为静态的一次性活动,从而弱化甚至忽视了其制度属性。本研究从不完全契约的视角重新审视工程项目的风险分担,将其划分为缔约阶段的风险初次分担和履约过程中的风险再分担两个联动过程,强调前者天然的不完备性和对后者的规范作用,以及后者固有的治理属性和对前者的弥补与调节作用。风险分担整体框架的构建有利于充分发挥其在合同中的激励功能以及在履约过程中的治理作用,改善工程项目风险分担的效率和效果。