大学生互动话语中立场表述特征研究

以立场表述为研究对象,基于一手语料,分析并探讨大学生互动话语中立场确定的主要表现形式特征,并借助社会认知理论,进一步分析大学生在互动语境下表述立场时所突显的共鸣引发和价值认同以及批判性思维与和谐社会关系构建等社会认知属性。大学生立场表述社会认知探究,为大学生互动话语特征探究提供新视角。     

Markov interactions in a class of dynamic games

This paper contributes to the understanding of economic strategic behaviors in inter-temporal settings. Comparing the MPE and the OLNE of a widely used class of differential games it is shown: (i) what qualifications on behaviors a markov (dynamic) information structure brings about compared with an open-loop (static) information structure, (ii) what is the reason leading to intensified or reduced competition between the agents in the long run. It depends on whether agents’ interactions are characterized by markov substitutability or markov complementarity, which can be seen as dynamic translations of the ideas of strategic substitutability and strategic complementarity (Bulow et al. 1985, Journal of Political Economy 93:488–511). In addition, an important practical contribution of the paper for modelers is to show that these results can be directly deduced from the payoff structure, with no need to compute equilibria first. I dedicate this paper to Philippe Michel, who introduced me to the literature on differential games.     

中美石油安全互动与对外战略比较——兼论"和谐世界"视野下的中美石油合作

“和谐世界”理念是中国新的外交战略和对世界发展前景的一种主张。由于中美石油安全观念的矛盾和石油对外战略的差异，近期两国在国际石油安全领域的关系并不和谐。美国往往对中国石油企业海外“找油”活动感到疑虑，并视之为对美国石油安全的威胁。然而，国际能源安全既不是绝对安全，也不是某个国家的单独安全问题，而是一个相对安全和共同安全问题。中美只有在国际石油领域平等合作与和谐共处，才能形成两国石油安全良性互动与互利双赢的局面。     

Open door environments as interactional resources to initiate unscheduled encounters in office organizations

ABSTRACT

In this article, we show how a common type of material environment in office organizations, namely offices with doors left open, enables and sustains the initiation of unscheduled, informal encounters. Using video recordings of naturally occurring interactions, we identify and describe a recurrent practice whereby visitors, mainly through their embodied conduct as they approach the doorway, are recognized by their recipients as initiating an encounter. We unpack the systematic practices and resources involved and analyze a series of variations through which co-workers deal with three interactional problems: obtaining the office occupant’s attention, negotiating availability, and negotiating entitlement. The article (1) demarcates a set of practices typical of unscheduled encounters in office organizations; (2) sheds new lights on how shared and fractured visual spaces can be used as resources to produce complex organizational meanings; and (3) proposes an approach of organizational activity and knowledge as inherently interactional, embodied and material.     

Equilibrium,affinity, dissociation constants,IC5O: Facts and fantasies

The interaction between ligands and receptors is often described in terms of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50). However, IC50 values do not accurately reflect the dissociation constants (Kd), and the domain of application and precision of proposed approximations for Kd estimation are unclear. The effect of affinity and of experimental conditions on the differences between IC50 and Kd has been assessed from exact mass action law calculations and from computer simulations. Competitions between [¹¹¹In]DTPA‐indium and a few metal‐DTPA complexes for binding to a specific antibody are discussed as a practical example. Exact calculations of competition assays have been implemented in Microsoft Excel and performed for a variety of concentrations of receptor, tracer, and competitor. The results are identical to those of software packages. IC50 is found larger than Kd by less than 20% only when tracer concentration is small compared with Kd and to the receptor concentration and when this receptor concentration is small compared with Kd. Otherwise, Kd and IC50 may be very different and approximations proposed in the literature to obtain Kd values from graphically derived IC50 are not acceptable as soon as the concentrations of tracer or of receptor approach Kd. Under most experimental conditions, IC50 values do not reflect Kd values. Using available software packages to determine and report Kd values would allow for more meaningful comparisons of results obtained under different experimental conditions.     

人文地理学的跨学科互动:“文化景观”与“文学景观”

“文化景观”是人文地理学的关键词,发轫于“景观”,经历了“景观”向“文化景观”的嬗变,其总体涵义指彰显文化属性的实体景观。“文化景观”的指涉范围包括自然界与人类社会,成为跨学科联系的高频词汇,如与文学地理学所建立起的跨学科互动。这种互动总体表现为两个方面,其一为人文地理学关键词“文化景观”,与文学地理学关键词“文学景观”之间相联又相离的关系;其二为“文化景观”自身包含的人文地理学科方法论,与文学地理学学科研究方法论之间,形成了互视、借鉴的有机模式。跨学科互动的双向审视,既修补了文化景观研究中偏离本体研究的不足,也成为检验文学地理学的学术话语权及现实功用的一次尝试。     

The multi‐professional approach: front‐line professionals' behaviours and interactions

Sousa L, Costa T. The multi‐professional approach: front‐line professionals' behaviours and interactions Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 444–454 © 2009 The Author, Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. Given the complexity of social problems, the multi‐professional approach has been generally adopted in the Western world as a desirable work practice. This study aimed at identifying front‐line professionals' behaviours and interactions that significantly influenced (positively or negatively) multi‐professional processes and outcomes. The study was conducted using the critical incidents technique administered to 117 front‐line professionals involved in multi‐professional approaches from different agencies and areas of expertise. The main findings suggest that the multi‐professional approach among front‐line professionals is facilitated by the professionals' commitment and complementarity and inhibited by the absence of complementarity, professionals being aggressive and insensitive to other professionals, and incompetence. The multi‐professional approach emerges as a context in which it is necessary to articulate professionals' personal and professional similarities and differences. The results suggest that professionals need to develop new competencies, particularly interdependence, flexibility and reflection on the process and outcomes of the multi‐professional approach.     

Testing for co-directional interactions using union–intersection and intersection–union methods

When interaction terms exist in a two-factor, factorial experiment, the consideration and analysis of main effects are often restricted to those situations where the interaction between factors is not significant. Hinkelman and Kempthorne [4 Hinkelmann, K. and Kempthorne, O. 1994. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Volume 1: Introduction to Experimental Design, New York: Wiley.  [Google Scholar]] softened that stance somewhat and advocate testing main effects when the interaction is deemed co-directional but not anti-directional. A test for the main effects in that situation may be pragmatic to the practitioner and appealing to researchers in other disciplines. Intersection–union and union–intersection methods are examined for assessing the directional nature of significant interactions so that the main effects in a two-factor factorial may be evaluated. The tests suggested are conceptually straightforward and practical and maintain the nominal Type-I error rate. Examples are provided to illustrate the methods.     

Time Use on Trains: Media Use/Non-use and Complex Shifts in Activities

This study explores how travel time is used and how passengers conceptualise travel time in Danish intercity trains and intercity fast trains. The new contribution to the literature this study can offer is in the inclusion of all kinds of passengers in the different compartments to understand train travel as a dynamic act of moving with shifts in activities. A mixed-method approach is used with self-completed questionnaires, frequency observations, shadowing observations and interviews. The findings reveal that the train passengers’ acts on the move are framed by both macro- and microstructures. The passengers create a travel space in which they make dynamic shifts in different kinds of activities: media use, media non-use, social interactions and non-social interactions. Passengers expect the train operator to provide the travel space for different activities (including the possibility of mobile communication), and passengers can be frustrated and have anxiety if these needs are not fulfilled. The mobile phone is heavily used during train travel, and it appears that passengers are not typically annoyed by phone conversations during travel but may refer to previous experiences with annoyances.     

Exploring factors influencing adverse birth outcomes in a regional hospital setting in Ghana: A configuration theoretical perspective

BackgroundUnderstanding the complexity of factors that influence adverse childbirth outcomes at health facilities can be enhanced by the theoretical articulation of the interplay between external socio-structural and internal technical dynamics of the birthplace in context. Guided by configuration theory, this study explored the factors that influence adverse birth outcomes at a regional hospital setting in Ghana.MethodsQualitative data were collected from the Upper West regional hospital in Ghana. In-depth interviews were administered to 30 purposively selected respondents comprising 20 postpartum mothers and 10 midwives. The data was electronically audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsThe study revealed three key dimensions of socio-technical configurations shaping adverse birth outcomes within the hospital setting. These are mother-midwife personality and behavioral dynamics including personality clashes and poor communication; birth process dynamics consisting of diverse paradigms of safe birthing process and socio-technical conflicts on caesarean section; and birthplace context, comprising nature of the birthing environment, confidence in the safety of the birthplace and national health policy implementation challenges. These socio-technical interactions result in late reporting at facilities by mothers and delay in care delivery by midwives, contributing to adverse birth outcomes.ConclusionIn line with configuration theory, our study positions the influences of adverse birth outcomes in hospital settings in alignment with a subtle and iterative interplay of socio-technical factors. To comprehensively address adverse birth outcomes in hospital settings, health policymakers and practitioners need to understand and contextualise the socio-technical interactions that shape notable outcomes at specific hospital settings.