网络语言:信息时代的言说方式

随着网络技术的飞速发展 ,网上获取信息、网上交流日益成为一种新的潮流。因此 ,信息时代诞生了属于自己的言说方式。本文试图通过对网络语言的初步考察 ,勾划出这种新兴语言的基本特点 ,并从语言规范化的角度分析指出其存在的问题以及规范的方法等。     

基于Haar小波变换的无失真图像压缩

提出了一种利用Ｈａａｒ小波进行图像无失真压缩的算法。对线性预测后的图像进行Ｈａａｒ小波分解，将各子带小波系数根据大小分解成两部分，其位置信息分别通过自适应算术编码进行了有效的压缩。试验结果表明，该算法实现简单，达到了很好的压缩效果。     

向量的线性相关性与线性无关性在平面和空间上的几何解释

本文主要阐述向量的线性相关性与线性无关性在平面和空间上的几何解释.     

基于线性矩阵不等式的牵制控制策略分析

研究复杂动力学网络的同步牵制控制问题.通过引入牵制控制,对具有大规模节点网络中的小部分节点实施线性反馈控制策略,使得整个网络的所有节点均达到同步.针对一类一致连结的耦合复杂网络模型,采用线性矩阵不等式的方法给出了实施牵制控制达到同步的充分条件.该条件表明,选择牵制异质网络中度较大的节点可能更容易使得网络实现同步.特别地,对于特定的内部耦合矩阵和足够大的耦合强度,只要对网络中任一节点实施牵制控制就可以保证整个网络同步的实现.数值仿真验证了上述结论的有效性.     

Some new factor screening designs using the search linear model

Factor screening designs for searching two and three effective factors using the search linear model are discussed. The construction of such factor screening designs involved finding a fraction with small number of treatments of a 2^m factorial experiment having the property P_2t (no 2t columns are linearly dependent) for t=2 and 3. A ‘Packing Problem’ is introduced in this connection. A complete solution of the problem in one case and partial solutions for the other cases are presented. Many practically useful new designs are listed.     

A Comparison of Three-level Orthogonal Arrays in the Presence of a Possible Correlation in Observations

When we want to compare two designs we usually assume the standard linear model with uncorrelated observations. In this paper we use the comparison method proposed by Ghosh & Shen (2006) to compare three level orthogonal arrays with 18, 27 and 36 runs under a possible presence of correlation in observations.     

Feature significance in generalized additive models

This paper develops inference for the significance of features such as peaks and valleys observed in additive modeling through an extension of the SiZer-type methodology of Chaudhuri and Marron (1999) and Godtliebsen et al. (2002, 2004) to the case where the outcome is discrete. We consider the problem of determining the significance of features such as peaks or valleys in observed covariate effects both for the case of additive modeling where the main predictor of interest is univariate as well as the problem of studying the significance of features such as peaks, inclines, ridges and valleys when the main predictor of interest is geographical location. We work with low rank radial spline smoothers to allow to the handling of sparse designs and large sample sizes. Reducing the problem to a Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) framework enables derivation of simulation-based critical value approximations and guards against the problem of multiple inferences over a range of predictor values. Such a reduction also allows for easy adjustment for confounders including those which have an unknown or complex effect on the outcome. A simulation study indicates that our method has satisfactory power. Finally, we illustrate our methodology on several data sets.     

Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models and Frailty Models with Bayesian Nonparametric Mixing

This paper proposes Bayesian nonparametric mixing for some well-known and popular models. The distribution of the observations is assumed to contain an unknown mixed effects term which includes a fixed effects term, a function of the observed covariates, and an additive or multiplicative random effects term. Typically these random effects are assumed to be independent of the observed covariates and independent and identically distributed from a distribution from some known parametric family. This assumption may be suspect if either there is interaction between observed covariates and unobserved covariates or the fixed effects predictor of observed covariates is misspecified. Another cause for concern might be simply that the covariates affect more than just the location of the mixed effects distribution. As a consequence the distribution of the random effects could be highly irregular in modality and skewness leaving parametric families unable to model the distribution adequately. This paper therefore proposes a Bayesian nonparametric prior for the random effects to capture possible deviances in modality and skewness and to explore the observed covariates' effect on the distribution of the mixed effects.     

Measuring the complexity of generalized linear hierarchical models

Measuring a statistical model's complexity is important for model criticism and comparison. However, it is unclear how to do this for hierarchical models due to uncertainty about how to count the random effects. The authors develop a complexity measure for generalized linear hierarchical models based on linear model theory. They demonstrate the new measure for binomial and Poisson observables modeled using various hierarchical structures, including a longitudinal model and an areal‐data model having both spatial clustering and pure heterogeneity random effects. They compare their new measure to a Bayesian index of model complexity, the effective number p_D of parameters (Spiegelhalter, Best, Carlin & van der Linde 2002); the comparisons are made in the binomial and Poisson cases via simulation and two real data examples. The two measures are usually close, but differ markedly in some instances where p_D is arguably inappropriate. Finally, the authors show how the new measure can be used to approach the difficult task of specifying prior distributions for variance components, and in the process cast further doubt on the commonly‐used vague inverse gamma prior.     

AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO BAYESIAN LINEAR MODEL CALCULATIONS

A framework is described for organizing and understanding the computations necessary to obtain the posterior mean of a vector of linear effects in a normal linear model, conditional on the parameters that determine covariance structure. The approach has two major uses; firstly, as a pedagogical tool in the derivation of formulae, and secondly, as a practical tool for developing computational strategies without needing complicated matrix formulae that are often unwieldy in complex hierarchical models. The proposed technique is based upon symbolic application of the sweep operator SWP to an appropriate tableau of means and covariances. The method is illustrated with standard linear model specifications, including the so-called mixed model, with both fixed and random effects.