西方文论研究与翻译视野

近期,国内的西方文论研究开始出现反思趋势,西方文论本身也成为反思对象之一。反思过程中出现了对西方文论的一些误读,原因之一在于部分研究者可能忽略了自身研究奠基于译文之上的事实,将译文直接等同于原文,因而也可以说是翻译视野的缺失。在西方文论研究中引入翻译视野,即意味着基于译本进行的文论研究须与译本拉开一定的距离。翻译视野又包括转换意识、语境意识、差异意识三重内涵。转换意识即意识到译文是语言转换的结果,同时意识到由转换所导致的信息不对称性;语境意识是指意识到西方文论扎根的特定时空的文化形态及理论家的认知形态;差异意识是指对原作与译作所处时空差异的意识。翻译视野促使我们主动去了解西方文论在原语语境中的起源及发展,辩证地探讨其在译语语境中的适用性,有助于我们在西方文论译介热持续上升的今天,真正深入地理解与反思西方文论的内涵,更好地吸取其精华,批判其糟粕,推动中国文学与文化研究的发展,建构中国自己的理论体系。     

区域旅游业碳排放的时空差异——以山东省为例

碳排放问题是区域旅游业发展不可忽视的环境问题之一。根据相关统计数据,按照"自下而上"分析法对2000-2015年山东省旅游业碳排放进行定量估算,并采用系统聚类法将山东省旅游业碳排放划分为高、中、低三类碳排放区域,具体剖析山东省旅游业碳排放的区域差异。结果表明:（1）碳排放总量、游客人均碳排放量和碳排放强度是衡量区域旅游业碳排放的重要指标。2000-2015年山东省旅游业碳排放总量持续增长,而游客人均碳排放量和旅游业碳排放强度则逐年下降,旅游业节能减排取得一定成效。（2）区域旅游业三大部门碳排放存在明显差异,旅游交通是区域旅游业碳排放的主要来源,旅游活动碳排放增长速度最快,而旅游住宿碳排放波动性较大。2000-2015年山东省旅游业累积碳排放总量为4 764.05万吨,其中,旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动三大部门占比分别为66.52%、25.80%、7.68%。（3）区域旅游业碳排放水平空间差异显著。从空间分布上看,山东省旅游业碳排放总体上呈现东高西低、北高南低的特征,旅游业碳排放总量呈现出东部沿海 > 鲁中地区 > 鲁西地区,游客人均碳排放量和旅游业碳排放强度则是东部沿海 > 鲁西地区 > 鲁中地区;从碳排放指标上看,山东省大多数地市位于中高旅游业碳排放的行列,东部沿海是旅游业碳排放的主要来源区。     

Construction of Fuzzy Control Charts Based on Weighted Possibilistic Mean

The problem of constructing control charts for fuzzy data has been considered in literature. The proposed transformation approaches and direct fuzzy approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. The representative values charts based on transformation methods are often recommended in practical application. For representing a fuzzy set by a crisp value, the weight of importance of the members assigned with some membership levels in a fuzzy set should be considered, and the possibility theory can be employed to deal with such problem. In this article, we propose to employ the weighted possibilistic mean (WPM), weighted interval valued possibilistic mean (WIVPM) of fuzzy number as a sort of representative values for the fuzzy attribute data, and establish new fuzzy control charts with WPM and WIVPM. The performance of the charts is compared to the existing fuzzy charts with a fuzzy c-chart example via newly defined average number of inspection for variation of control state.     

Assessment of modeling longitudinal binary data based on graphical methods

Longitudinal categorical data are commonly applied in a variety of fields and are frequently analyzed by generalized estimating equation (GEE) method. Prior to making further inference based on the GEE model, the assessment of model fit is crucial. Graphical techniques have long been in widespread use for assessing the model adequacy. We develop alternative graphical approaches utilizing plots of marginal model-checking condition and local mean deviance to assess the GEE model with logit link for longitudinal binary responses. The applications of the proposed procedures are illustrated through two longitudinal binary datasets.     

Coalition-building and the forging of solidarity across difference and inequality

Diverse coalitions hold great potential for social movements, but they also face tremendous challenges. In this article, I review the literature on diverse alliances with a focus on how trust, commitment, and ultimately, solidarity can be developed and sustained across divides. The article begins by discussing the needs of diverse alliances to build trust and commitment, and the coalitional characteristics deemed vital for doing so, with a focus on shared neutral space, ongoing interaction, and social ties and bridgebuilders. Five coalitional processes and practices are identified and discussed that have been empirically found or theorized to be imperative for cultivating solidarity across difference and inequality. These processes include (a) uniting around shared principles while engaging difference; (b) acknowledging and managing inequalities; (c) making space for each other; (d) attention to managing conflicts; and (e) actions that confirm the shared commitments and negotiated identity. I conclude by evaluating the state of research on developing and sustaining alliances across divides.     

Record-breaking data: a parametric comparison of the inverse-sampling and the random-sampling schemes

In many industrial quality control experiments and destructive stress testing, the only available data are successive minima (or maxima)i.e., record-breaking data. There are two sampling schemes used to collect record-breaking data: random sampling and inverse sampling. For random sampling, the total sample size is predetermined and the number of records is a random variable while in inverse-sampling the number of records to be observed is predetermined; thus the sample size is a random variable. The purpose of this papper is to determinevia simulations, which of the two schemes, if any, is more efficient. Since the two schemes are equivalent asymptotically, the simulations were carried out for small to moderate sized record-breaking samples. Simulated biases and mean square errors of the maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters using the two sampling schemes were compared. In general, it was found that if the estimators were well behaved, then there was no significant difference between the mean square errors of the estimates for the two schemes. However, for certain distributions described by both a shape and a scale parameter, random sampling led to estimators that were inconsistent. On the other hand, the estimated obtained from inverse sampling were always consistent. Moreover, for moderated sized record-breaking samples, the total sample size that needs to be observed is smaller for inverse sampling than for random sampling.     

Infill asymptotics for adaptive kernel estimators of spatial intensity

We apply the Abramson principle to define adaptive kernel estimators for the intensity function of a spatial point process. We derive asymptotic expansions for the bias and variance under the regime that n independent copies of a simple point process in Euclidean space are superposed. The method is illustrated by means of a simple example and applied to tornado data.     

Support for a Fluid-Continuum Model of Sexual Orientation: A Large-Scale Internet Study

In a study with 17,785 subjects obtained over the Internet from the United States and 47 other countries, Kinsey's hypothesis that sexual orientation lies on a continuum was supported. Self-identifications of subjects as gay, straight, bisexual, and other corresponded to broad, skewed distributions, suggesting that such terms are misleading for many people. Sexual orientation range—roughly, how much flexibility someone has in expressing sexual orientation—was also measured. The results support a fluid-continuum model of sexual orientation, according to which genetic and environmental factors determine both the size of the sexual orientation range and the point at which an individual's sexual orientation is centered on the continuum.     

文化差异视角下的英汉颜色词的联想

不同的民族由于地理、民俗、宗教及价值观念等方面的差异,在表达同一概念时,词汇被赋予了许多的联想意义。掌握汉英颜色词不同的文化联想意蕴,并且了解产生这些不同联想意义的原因不仅有利于提高英语学习水平,还能促进和加强中西文化之间的交流。     

Testing dominance of biometric functions

The hazard rate (HR) and mean residual lifetime are two of the most practical and best-known functions in biometry, reliability, statistics and life testing. Recently, the reversed HR function is found to have interesting properties useful in additional areas such as censored data and forensic science. For these three biometric functions, we propose testing methods that they take on a known functional form against that they dominate or are dominated by this known form. This goodness-of-fit-type testing is wider in applications and more interesting than the long-standing testing procedures for exponentiality against the monotonicity of these functions or even the change point problems. This is so since we can test against any choice of the survival distribution and not just exponentiality. For this general testing, we present easy to implement tests and generalize them into classes of statistics that could lead to more powerful and efficient testing.