k-Step shape estimators based on spatial signs and ranks

In this paper, the shape matrix estimators based on spatial sign and rank vectors are considered. The estimators considered here are slight modifications of the estimators introduced in Dümbgen (1998) and Oja and Randles (2004) and further studied for example in Sirkiä et al. (2009). The shape estimators are computed using pairwise differences of the observed data, therefore there is no need to estimate the location center of the data. When the estimator is based on signs, the use of differences also implies that the estimators have the so called independence property if the estimator, that is used as an initial estimator, has it. The influence functions and limiting distributions of the estimators are derived at the multivariate elliptical case. The estimators are shown to be highly efficient in the multinormal case, and for heavy-tailed distributions they outperform the shape estimator based on sample covariance matrix.     

A note on the multivariate multisample rank sum and median tests

The muitivariate nonparametric tests analogous to the univar-iate rank sum test and median test are contained in Puri and Sen (1970). These tests provided a practical alternative for the analysis of multivariate data when the assumptions of parametric methods are not satisfied.

In this paper maximum values for L_Nthe asymptotic chi-Square test statistic for both the Multivariate Multisample Rank Sum Test (MMRST) and the Multivariate Multisample Median Test (MMMT) are developed.     

Crossings of a height and related bank order statistics

Former results on BAHADUR efficiency of signed rank tests are carried over to the class of two-sample rank tests. It is shown that the two-sample rank tests are asymptotically optimal at alternatives far away from the hypothesis under fairly general conditions. Surprisingly, the median test appears to be optimal only in case of equal sample sizes.     

Rank tests for independence based on partially right-censored pairs

Linear rank procedures are developed for testing independence with right-censored matched pairs. It is assumed that censoring Is Independent of the random variables under study. The test statistics are derived as score statistics (Hajek and Sidak, 1967) based on the probability of the generalised rank vectors (Prentice, 1978). Applications to survival data analysis are also discussed.     

Distribution-free tests for umbrella alternatives

In this paper we propose distribution-free teots ebi ujabreiia aAiuatives based on the decomposition of umbrella alternatives into a union of simple order alternatives, The proposed tests are shown to have more balanced power performances, Tables of critical points for the proposed tests are provided.     

Prediction intervals for the random intercept linear model

Our main purpose is to give a method of constructing prediction intervals for the mean of us future observations in the random intercept linear model, A method is also indicated for constructing exact confidence intervals on the expected value of a future observation.     

"搜索引擎竞价排名"的法律规制

互联网搜索引擎的使用已经越来越多,而基于此产生的竞价排名刚刚起步。首先分析了竞价排名的法律性质和发展现状;对部分网络运营企业采取恶意点击、恶意屏蔽、滥用市场地位等手段追逐高额利润的现象进行分析;在没有相应的法律对其规制的前提下,提出了加强运营商自身监管、提高技术手段规避风险,尽快完善法律等建议,以期待竞价排名的健康发展。     

Conditional imtorence about an existing universe from independent interpenetrating samples

This paper is essentially an explanation of how the fundamental concepts of andkrity and conditioaality apply to the data of sample surveys that are carried out by the method of mterpeaetoting samples. The resultkg theory is iMustraled by an kterestiag example on deriving exact statements of conditional probability limits for a laear estimand with data from an agricultural sample survey. The paper also suggests that the study of modem statistical inference may profit from an appreciation of the Syadvada lope of ancient India.     

唐宋官当制度的发展与终结

作为一项正式的法律制度,官当制度经历一个逐步成型、发展成熟、突然消失的过程。它是古代官僚等级特权制度发展到一定阶段的产物。唐代国力强盛、政治开明,立法追求理想的制度之美,官当制度日益定型;宋代政治稳定、经济繁荣,立法执法追求宽和,官当制度发展成熟;南宋时期,法律规范的修订已经透露出统治者对官当制度的不满;元朝以后,官当制度突然消失,但以官抵罪的情况仍盛行不衰。官当制度的发展演变,是以优待士大夫为前提、逐步加重惩治犯罪官员的过程,它使官员能够利用职务抵消法律惩罚,造成官员与平民、官员与官员之间不平等。官当制度走向终结,使周密细致的法律被摒弃,扩大统治者任意执法的空间,这是古代法律制度的倒退,也是中国古代宗法制度强化过程中符合逻辑的结果。     

On small sample properties of the generalized signed rank and generalized sign tests

The generalized signed rank (GSR) and generalized sign (GS) tests were recently proposed for matched pair studies with censored observations (Woolson and Lechenbruch, 1980). The results provided in that paper were asymptotic, and no indicatin of small sample behavior was given. In this paper we report on simulation studied of these statistics for a variety of distributions. We find that the GSR is more powerful than the GS, and that censoring does not affect power greatly. In the original paper, we assumed each member of the pair has the same censoring time. We consider a variant of this in which each member of the pair has a censoring time chosen from a uniform distribution, and the minimum of these times is selected as the censoring time for the pair. It is found that the power of the test is slightly reduced because the number of doubly censored pairs is increased.