从美术专业实习看素质教育

文章通过分析毕业实习中的问题 ,探讨如何加强美术师范学生的素质教育 ,提高学生综合素质水平     

A strong law of large numbers for independent random variables under non-additive probabilities

Abstract

Under non‐additive probabilities, cluster points of the empirical average have been proved to quasi-surely fall into the interval constructed by either the lower and upper expectations or the lower and upper Choquet expectations. In this paper, based on the initiated notion of independence, we obtain a different Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund type strong law of large numbers. Then the Kolmogorov type strong law of large numbers can be derived from it directly, stating that the closed interval between the lower and upper expectations is the smallest one that covers cluster points of the empirical average quasi-surely.     

A win ratio approach to comparing continuous non‐normal outcomes in clinical trials

Clinical trials are often designed to compare continuous non‐normal outcomes. The conventional statistical method for such a comparison is a non‐parametric Mann–Whitney test, which provides a P‐value for testing the hypothesis that the distributions of both treatment groups are identical, but does not provide a simple and straightforward estimate of treatment effect. For that, Hodges and Lehmann proposed estimating the shift parameter between two populations and its confidence interval (CI). However, such a shift parameter does not have a straightforward interpretation, and its CI contains zero in some cases when Mann–Whitney test produces a significant result. To overcome the aforementioned problems, we introduce the use of the win ratio for analysing such data. Patients in the new and control treatment are formed into all possible pairs. For each pair, the new treatment patient is labelled a ‘winner’ or a ‘loser’ if it is known who had the more favourable outcome. The win ratio is the total number of winners divided by the total numbers of losers. A 95% CI for the win ratio can be obtained using the bootstrap method. Statistical properties of the win ratio statistic are investigated using two real trial data sets and six simulation studies. Results show that the win ratio method has about the same power as the Mann–Whitney method. We recommend the use of the win ratio method for estimating the treatment effect (and CI) and the Mann–Whitney method for calculating the P‐value for comparing continuous non‐Normal outcomes when the amount of tied pairs is small. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dealing with the Initial Observation in the LM Unit Root Test

This article proposes a linearly weighted unit root test with a new weighting scheme which reflects the trade-off in power between the ADF and LM tests regarding the initial value of a time series. Simulation results indicate that the proposed test has better power performance and works better than other available tests in the literature for a range of initial conditions.     

Bayesian variable selection approach to a Bernstein polynomial regression model with stochastic constraints

This paper provides a Bayesian estimation procedure for monotone regression models incorporating the monotone trend constraint subject to uncertainty. For monotone regression modeling with stochastic restrictions, we propose a Bayesian Bernstein polynomial regression model using two-stage hierarchical prior distributions based on a family of rectangle-screened multivariate Gaussian distributions extended from the work of Gurtis and Ghosh [7 S.M. Curtis and S.K. Ghosh, A variable selection approach to monotonic regression with Bernstein polynomials, J. Appl. Stat. 38 (2011), pp. 961–976. doi: 10.1080/02664761003692423[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]]. This approach reflects the uncertainty about the prior constraint, and thus proposes a regression model subject to monotone restriction with uncertainty. Based on the proposed model, we derive the posterior distributions for unknown parameters and present numerical schemes to generate posterior samples. We show the empirical performance of the proposed model based on synthetic data and real data applications and compare the performance to the Bernstein polynomial regression model of Curtis and Ghosh [7 S.M. Curtis and S.K. Ghosh, A variable selection approach to monotonic regression with Bernstein polynomials, J. Appl. Stat. 38 (2011), pp. 961–976. doi: 10.1080/02664761003692423[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] for the shape restriction with certainty. We illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method that incorporates the uncertainty of the monotone trend and automatically adapts the regression function to the monotonicity, through empirical analysis with synthetic data and real data applications.     

交汇契合与并行发展——探寻高等师范教育改革与基础教育改革的共同之路

基础教育与高等师范教育是人才成长的摇篮,而且是教育的两个不同等级的环节.基础教育对中小学生基本素质的形成与知识能力的培养起着不可替代的作用,基础教育质量的提高取决于中小学教师质量的提高;高等师范教育及高等师范院校是学生素质提升与能力提高的关键时期,高等师范教育的目标是为基础教育服务,双方的合作与交流是成功培养人才的需求和必由之路.     

论宪法中的权界式公民义务规范

以义务性规范的形式对宪法权利作出的限制规定,就是宪法中的权界式公民义务规范,它有概括限制型和具体限制型两种类型。宪法权利的法律保留限制式规定,不应视为公民义务规范。权界式义务规范在创设目的、出现位置、表述转换等方面与明示式义务规范有着重大区别。权界式义务规范附属于公民宪法权利规范本身,它可以转换成非义务性的表述,其实质是表示权利应当有所约束。关于宪法权利之限制规定能否被视为公民义务规范的争议,可通过形式与实质的双重视角予以化解。     

Inference on a progressive type I interval-censored truncated normal distribution

In this paper, we consider the problem of making statistical inference for a truncated normal distribution under progressive type I interval censoring. We obtain maximum likelihood estimators of unknown parameters using the expectation-maximization algorithm and in sequel, we also compute corresponding midpoint estimates of parameters. Estimation based on the probability plot method is also considered. Asymptotic confidence intervals of unknown parameters are constructed based on the observed Fisher information matrix. We obtain Bayes estimators of parameters with respect to informative and non-informative prior distributions under squared error and linex loss functions. We compute these estimates using the importance sampling procedure. The highest posterior density intervals of unknown parameters are constructed as well. We present a Monte Carlo simulation study to compare the performance of proposed point and interval estimators. Analysis of a real data set is also performed for illustration purposes. Finally, inspection times and optimal censoring plans based on the expected Fisher information matrix are discussed.     

"科技-生产"范式的内涵及其历史演进

"科学、技术、生产"所组成的紧密联系的整体构成了"科技-生产"系统,这一系统的内在结构关系表现为某种模式、模型,它是科学、技术、生产三者相互作用关系的集中体现.我们将这一模式、模型称为"科技-生产"范式.思维模式规定性、技术规定性、制度规定性、结构功能规定性是"科技-生产"范式的四种基本属性.人类历史迄今,"科技-生产"范式经历了一系列转换,包括"实体-能量-信息"三重思维模式转换、从"革命-延续"到"创新-集成"的技术转换、"强制有序-协同自序"制度体系的转化以及"工业社会-知识社会"的结构功能转换等.积极促进我国"科技-生产"范式的转换,建立新型的"科技-生产"范式对于新型工业化社会的构建具有重要意义.     

试论高师本科教学工作合格评估指标的合理性

本文通过对1996年原国家教委《高等师范学校本科教学工作评估方案（试行）》和1999年教育部《高等师范学校本科教学工作合格评估方案（试行》的比较研究,充分肯定了新评估方案的科学性和合理性,并结合评估操作实际,提出了评估方案中一些值得深入探讨的问题。