美国英语的异质性及文化同质

美国英语是该国的社会和文化发展的产物,在许多方面都有别于英国英语。语言是文化的载体符号,它既反映文化又影响文化,同时也离不开文化的支撑。美国英语的变异程度很大,混杂的美国文化在美国英语的引导下,逐渐走向统一,凸显了文化的同质性。     

Analysis of an experiment aimed at improving the reliability of transmission centre shafts

Smith (1991) presents a paper proposing the use of Weibull regression models to establish dependence of failure data (usually times) on covariates related to the design of the test specimens and test procedures. In his article Smith made the point that good experimental design was as important in reliability applications as elsewhere, and in view of the current interest in design inspired by Taguchi and others, we pay some attention in this article to that topic. A real case study from the Ford Motor Company is presented.Our main approach is to utilize suggestions in the literature for applying standard least squares techniques of experimental analysis even when there is likely to be nonnormal error, and censoring. This approach lacks theoretical justification, but its appeal is its simplicity and flexibility. For completeness we also include some analysis based on the proportional hazards model, and in an attempt to link back to Smith (1991), look at a Weibull regression model.     

PSAM自适应调制OFDM的频谱效率

给出了采用导引符号辅助相干解调的自适应调制正交频分复用系统模型,分析了导引符号辅助相干解调自适应调制正变频分复用系统频谱效率的定义和计算方法,并结合具体实例得到了数值结果。结果表明,在分析和计算频谱效率时,必须考虑接收端非理想信道估计和系统开销的影响,得到的结果才具有实际意义。     

FPS系统中场的解析法分析

本文引入运动坐标,将复杂的边界条件展为傅里叶级数,并选择适当的坐标参量,用分离变量法导出了采用图案型偏转轮的摄象管的聚焦、投射和扫描(FPS)系统空间电位分布的形式简洁的严格解。并在统一坐标系下,求出了磁场分布。本文的解克服了以往文献的解的结构复杂和计算量大的弱点,使得可用解析法求出FPS系统的特性参量和在小型计算机上实现FPS系统的最优化设计。     

Polynomial trends in time series

The J^* test which was previously proposed by the present author for the detection of a trend in a time series does not depend on any quantitative assumptions, but in the case of a polynomial trend it depends on its degree; if this degree is too high, the test cannot be applied. The author finds a bound of the significance level at which the test can be applied when the sample size, as well as a bound of the degree of the trend, are given. Asymptotic results are used only when we trust the asymptotic distribution of J^* under the null hypothesis.     

AN EVALUATION OF NON-ITERATIVE METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE LINEAR-BY-LINEAR PARAMETER OF ORDINAL LOG-LINEAR MODELS

Parameter estimation for association and log-linear models is an important aspect of the analysis of cross-classified categorical data. Classically, iterative procedures, including Newton's method and iterative scaling, have typically been used to calculate the maximum likelihood estimates of these parameters. An important special case occurs when the categorical variables are ordinal and this has received a considerable amount of attention for more than 20 years. This is because models for such cases involve the estimation of a parameter that quantifies the linear-by-linear association and is directly linked with the natural logarithm of the common odds ratio. The past five years has seen the development of non-iterative procedures for estimating the linear-by-linear parameter for ordinal log-linear models. Such procedures have been shown to lead to numerically equivalent estimates when compared with iterative, maximum likelihood estimates. Such procedures also enable the researcher to avoid some of the computational difficulties that commonly arise with iterative algorithms. This paper investigates and evaluates the performance of three non-iterative procedures for estimating this parameter by considering 14 contingency tables that have appeared in the statistical and allied literature. The estimation of the standard error of the association parameter is also considered.     

Some robust parameter designs from orthogonal arrays

Robust parameter design, originally proposed by Taguchi [System of Experimental Design, Vols. I and II, UNIPUB, New York, 1987], is an offline production technique for reducing variation and improving a product's quality by using product arrays. However, the use of the product arrays results in an exorbitant number of runs. To overcome this drawback, several scientists proposed the use of combined arrays, where the control and noise factors are combined in a single array. In this paper, we use non-isomorphic orthogonal arrays as combined arrays, in order to identify a model that contains all the main effects (control and noise), their control-by-noise interactions and their control-by-control interactions with high efficiency. Some cases where the control-by-control-noise are of interest are also considered.     

硬态车削H13钢切削力与表面粗糙度试验研究

为了探究H13钢硬态车削过程中的切削力与工件表面粗糙度，课题组采用单因素试验和多因素正交试验法设计车削试验。通 过极差分析法对试验结果进行分析，研究不同切削速度、进给量和背吃刀量对切削过程中切削力以及工件表面粗糙度的影响，并比较切削力与表面粗糙度的变化 规律。结果表明：影响切削力的显著性参数为背吃刀量＞进给量＞切削速度；影响工件表面粗糙度的显著性参数为进给量＞切削速度＞背吃刀量。通过单因素试 验分析可知，切削力与表面粗糙度变化有一定的相关性，表面粗糙度的变化趋势和切削力一致。     

Active Population Growth and Immigration Hypotheses in Western Europe

The paper examines, in respect of twelve Western European countries over a period of twenty years, the widely held view that any decline in their working population should be offset by greater reliance on immigrant labour.This research, based on demographic projections and forecasts regarding labour market participation rates by age and sex for each of the countries concerned, focuses on the two most likely scenarios. It appears that only Italy will be faced with a fall in its working population. All other western countries will either maintain the same level or, more generally, see their workforce grow substantially. Accordingly, we may safely assert that there is no risk of a shortage of workers between now and the year 2020, and that an increasing supply of labour will render reliance on a greater influx of immigrant workers unnecessary.The second part analyses changes in the structure of the demand for labour. We deal chiefly with the phenomenon of the concentration of foreign manpower in each sector, its flexibility and mobility in a context of unemployment, as well as the impact of new technologies and globalisation on the main determinants of international migration of labour.     

OFDM系统中新的同步与信道联合估计算法

提出了一种新的基于判决反馈的OFDM同步与信道联合跟踪算法。该算法提取出信道估计结果中包含的同步信息用于实现同步估计,并利用同步估计结果对信道估计结果进行修正,使其尽量逼近真实信道。仿真结果表明该算法在信噪比较大时可以获得较高的估计性能,具有计算量小和实现简单的优点。适当增加块长具有更强的抑制噪声的能力,但却减弱了信道的时变跟踪能力,因此块长的选择必须权衡考虑。