论动因竞争对语序自由度的影响——以Hawkins长度顺序和可移动原则为例

流行于语言学教科书中的一个观点是:语序的自由度跟形态丰富程度成正比。这种观点有很大的局限。引入类型学“动因竞争”这个概念来讨论Hawkins提出的影响名词短语修饰语语序的“可移动原则”和“长度顺序原则”,可以得出结论:语序动因的运用程度是影响语序自由度的重要因素,只是该因素长期被忽视了,而“语序动因运用规律”则可说明此问题。     

以目的与背景知识为双条件的逻辑AKC

首先,我们构造以目的和背景知识为双条件的条件句系统AKC,给出它的一些证明论结果。其次,我们引入有序邻域语义,给出描述AKC的特征公理和推理规则的框架条件,证明AKC相对这些框架条件是框架可靠的。最后,我们证明AKC相对这些框架条件也是框架完全的。     

“和”的字源及涵义辨析

“和”源于饮食、音乐等感官的调和相应,具有感官之和、性情之和、政教之和、生命之和与天人之和等不同层次的涵义。“和”、“同”并论、“和”、“中”并论,但“和”不等于“同”,“和”也不等于“中”。“和”的思想在当代具有重要的意义。     

国际权力与秩序变革

权力是行为者将其意志强加于其他行为者之上的能力.在任何政治秩序中,权力都是不可或缺的组成部分.世界秩序的变更,是由于该国际体系的现存统治方式与权力的重新分配之间发生了断裂.冷战后国际体系的权力结构发生了重大变革,这就必然导致世界秩序的变革.而世界秩序的和平变革,必须在权力和道德两者之间寻求艰难的妥协.     

位格·爱·价值——从舍勒现象学的基本要素看其现象学的独特性

现象学在舍勒思想中不是借用的方法,而是与其哲学目标内在一致的思想主题,具有独特的内涵。从根本上说,现象学态度是作为位格之人的本质态度,人通过这种态度直观价值及其秩序的过程就是人摆脱动物状态,作为位格而存在,成为人本身的过程。     

突降格及其语序意义的再现

突降法是英汉两种语言中都十分常见的修辞格。它的最大特点是不可前后颠倒的语序。因此,突降辞格的翻译不能套用一般的语序翻译原则。否则,辞格修辞效果就不可能再现出来。     

熵理论与和谐社会

熵理论揭示了任何事物和过程都是有序和无序的辩证统一,人类社会的发展也是有序和无序的辩证统一。构建和谐社会的实质就是克服无序(不和谐)、创建有序(和谐),实现安定有序。这是建设中国特色社会主义的重大任务。     

Ordering results for series and parallel systems comprising heterogeneous exponentiated Weibull components

In this paper, we discuss the usual stochastic and reversed hazard rate orders between the series and parallel systems from two sets of independent heterogeneous exponentiated Weibull components. We also obtain the results concerning the convex transform orders between parallel systems and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions under which the dispersive and usual stochastic orders, and the right spread and increasing convex orders between the lifetimes of the two systems are equivalent. Finally, in the multiple-outlier exponentiated Weibull models, based on weak majorization and p-larger orders between the vectors of scale and shape parameters, some characterization results for comparing the lifetimes of parallel and series systems are also established, respectively. The results of this paper can be used in practical situations to find various bounds for the important aging characteristics of these systems.     

Testing the dilation order by using cumulative residual Tsallis entropy

In this paper, we introduce a new test for the dilation order based on cumulative residual Tsallis entropy of order α. The effect of the values of parameter α on the power of the test statistics is numerically investigated. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic is given. The performance of the test statistic is evaluated using a simulation study. Finally, some numerical examples illustrating the theory are also given.     

A misspecification test for the higher order co-moments of the factor model

The traditional estimation of higher order co-moments of non-normal random variables by the sample analog of the expectation faces a curse of dimensionality, as the number of parameters increases steeply when the dimension increases. Imposing a factor structure on the process solves this problem; however, it leads to the challenging task of selecting an appropriate factor model. This paper contributes by proposing a test that exploits the following feature: when the factor model is correctly specified, the higher order co-moments of the unexplained return variation are sparse. It recommends a general to specific approach for selecting the factor model by choosing the most parsimonious specification for which the sparsity assumption is satisfied. This approach uses a Wald or Gumbel test statistic for testing the joint statistical significance of the co-moments that are zero when the factor model is correctly specified. The asymptotic distribution of the test is derived. An extensive simulation study confirms the good finite sample properties of the approach. This paper illustrates the practical usefulness of factor selection on daily returns of random subsets of S&P 100 constituents.