An Empirical Study of the Toxic Capsule Crisis in China: Risk Perceptions and Behavioral Responses

The outbreak of the toxic capsule crisis during April 2012 aroused widespread public concern about the risk of chromium‐contaminated capsules and drug safety in China. In this article, we develop a conceptual model to investigate risk perceptions of the pharmaceutical drug capsules and behavioral responses to the toxic capsule crisis and the relationship between associated factors and these two variables. An online survey was conducted to test the model, including questions on the measures of perceived efficacy of the countermeasures, trust in the State FDA (Food and Drug Administration), trust in the pharmaceutical companies, trust in the pharmaceutical capsule producers, risk perception, concern, need for information, information seeking, and risk avoidance. In general, participants reported higher levels of risk perception, concern, and risk avoidance, and lower levels of trust in the three different stakeholders. The results from the structural equation modeling procedure suggest that perceived efficacy of the countermeasures is a predictor of each of the three trust variables; however, only trust in the State FDA has a dampening impact on risk perception. Both risk perception and information seeking are significant determinants of risk avoidance. Risk perception is also positively related to concern. Information seeking is positively related to both concern and need for information. The theoretical and policy implications are also discussed.     

湖南省制药企业逆向物流影响因素分析

以湖南省制药企业为研究对象,在文献回顾、实地调研及相关专家访谈的基础上,开发了逆向物流实施的影响因素量表。采用因子分析的方法将逆向物流实施的影响因素分为企业外部驱动因素、企业外部阻碍因素、企业内部驱动因素、企业内部阻碍因素等四个维度。并进一步通过单因素方差分析验证得出企业性质及企业内部是否设立专门的物流部门等因素在各影响因子上存在显著的差异性。     

复方降脂中药活性筛选平台建立的研究

利用BP神经网络强大的预测功能，解决中药性味归经与药效评价的关系问题。研究证明：BP神经网络模型在一定误差范围内揭示中药的性味归经与其降脂药效之间的关系，可用于降脂中药药效的预测中，为降脂药物的选择提供依据，为中药降脂药效评价提供一种科学、客观、简洁的方法。     

对地方医药院校改革的几点思考

地方高等医药院校进行改革要考虑以下几个方面:一、必须树立市场意识的改革理念;二、必须确定可行性的改革定位;三、必须实施"以人为本,以德治教"的改革方略。     

Clinical globalization: A case study of privately-sponsored HIV research in Mexico

This essay describes the struggle of an indigenous rights activist to obtain ethnic status and political representation for the Waata, former hunter-gatherers who belong to the Oromo-speaking people of East and Northeast Africa. It discusses how this leader is trying to positively redefine the label of 'caste' attributed to the Waata by scholars to explain the ambivalent position occupied by the group in traditional Oromo society. The essay examines how this social activist used a dance ritual which is performed annually by the Waata to commemorate their myth of origin as a way to gain political and moral legitimacy for his campaign. As Abner Cohen's studies suggest, there exists an intrinsic link between cultural performances and political processes in contexts of socio-economic change. The essay explores these interrelated themes of culture, politics and social change through the case of the Waata.     

考虑技术研发和物流配送的医药供应链组合契约协调模型研究

两票制政策的实施使医药供应链管理模式发生了重大变化,也使供应链成员的决策更加复杂。为了确保药品高效、及时、持续的供应,本文研究由一个医药生产企业、一个医药流通企业和一个药店/医院组成的三级供应链的医药定价与协调问题。考虑市场需求受医药生产企业的技术研发和医药流通企业的物流配送影响的情况下,以合作决策的市场价格和最优利润为基准,采用收益共享+数量折扣组合契约作为激励机制,建立了分散决策下供应链组合契约协调模型,探究技术研发和物流配送能力对医药供应链及成员的影响。通过算例分析发现：实施收益共享+数量折扣组合契约策略可以有效的优化和协调医药供应链,能够激励医药生产企业努力提升技术研发水平,激励医药流通企业努力提升物流水平,实现整个医药供应链的帕累托最优。     

关于构建我国药品管制行政公益诉讼制度的探讨

随着依法治国与依法行政的实质性开展,公民法制观念不断增强,对于权益的保护意识逐步从私益向公益延伸。近年来药品安全事件频发,传统侵权损害诉讼模式已经无法满足公益保障需求,为避免药品管制过程中行政权力滥用与不作为情况的发生,药品管制行政公益诉讼制度的建立几成定局。基于此,应当依托当前修改行政诉讼法的大背景,以药品管制行政公益诉讼制度为研究对象,对原告主体资格认定、制度模式、举证责任以及奖惩措施等问题提出具体设计。     

25 years of Bayesian methods in the pharmaceutical industry: a personal, statistical bummel

Twenty-five years ago the use of Bayesian methods in Pharmaceutical R&D was non-existent. Today that is no longer true. In this paper I describe my own personal journey along the road of discovery of Bayesian methods to routine use in the pharmaceutical industry.     

对我国药品GMP认证的经济法思考

文章从经济法的视角对我国近年来逐步推行的药品生产质量管理规范(GMP)认证制度进行评析,指出其本身具备的经济法性质,分析其作为一项经济法律手段所存在的问题。并以药品GMP认证为出发点,提出市场经济条件下完善我国现行药事法规体系的设想:改革药品生产准入法律制度、完善药品法法律责任、构建与GMP认证相配套的法律制度和定期修订GMP标准。     

Mitigating the U.S. Drug Shortages Through Pareto‐Improving Contracts

Drug shortages have been a major challenge facing the US pharmaceutical industry and government in recent years. Although the problem has drawn tremendous attention from the government and media, limited academic research has been devoted to this problem, and few solutions have been proposed based on rigorous research. This study addresses the drug shortage problem from a supply chain perspective, a key aspect missing in the literature, and proposes to mitigate shortages through drug purchase contracts. By modeling the drug supply chain, we capture the objectives of various supply chain parties, and investigate Pareto‐improving contracts that mitigate drug shortages, improve drug manufacturer's and group purchasing organization (GPO)'s profits, and cut government spending and healthcare providers’ costs. We explore structural properties of key supply chain decisions and the Pareto‐improving contracts, and conduct scenario analysis with realistic industry data to evaluate shortage mitigation solutions. Our analysis shows that increasing drug prices only, a solution advocated by many, is not very effective in shortage mitigation. Price increases must be paired with strengthened failure‐to‐supply clauses (called the IPS approach) to achieve consistent and significant shortage reduction as well as Pareto improvement. Across all scenarios tested, a 30% price increase under IPS can lead to a minimum, average, and maximum shortage reduction of 25%, 53%, and 70%, respectively. Our analysis also shows the impacts of IPS on different parties in the supply chain and the impacts of various model parameters on shortage mitigation. The IPS approach rewards reliability of drug supply, which is in line with the FDA's strategic plan to reward quality, but is easier to achieve in this regulation‐based industry. Interactions with the government and industry practitioners indicate that IPS also challenges the current mindset in pharmaceutical contracting.