不一样的阿尔法拉比——兼论伊斯兰哲学的伊斯兰进路

阿尔法拉比在伊斯兰哲学史和欧洲中世纪哲学史、柏拉图经学史上的地位是显而易见的。由于理论进路的不同,不同的学者对法拉比的定位也不尽相同,甚至有很大的差异。西方学者以及几代接受西方教育的穆斯林学者,大多不自觉地采取单一的＂西方进路＂来研究伊斯兰哲学史。伊斯兰哲学研究中的＂伊斯兰进路＂（Islamic Approach）恐怕是当前最为亟需的研究思路。     

Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: differences in the use of “urban” between the social and natural sciences

rc="/content/QQ74R60624012478/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">If you wish to converse with me, define your terms.rc="/content/QQ74R60624012478/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> —attributed to Voltaire, The Home Book of Quotations: Classical and Modern, Fourth edition (B. Stevenson, ed.), p. 428, Dodd, Mead and Co., New York, NY, 1944Though there is a growing appreciation of the importance of research on urban ecosystems, the question of what constitutes an urban ecosystem remains. Although a human-dominated ecosystem is sometimes considered to be an accurate description of an urban ecosystem, describing an ecosystem as human-dominated does not adequately take into account the history of development, sphere of influence, and potential impacts required in order to understand the true nature of an urban ecosystem. While recognizing that no single definition of rc="/content/QQ74R60624012478/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">urbanrc="/content/QQ74R60624012478/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> is possible or even necessary, we explore the importance of attaching an interdisciplinary, quantitative, and considered description of an urban ecosystem such that projects and findings are easier to compare, repeat, and build upon. Natural science research about urban ecosystems, particularly in the field of ecology, often includes only a tacit assumption about what urban means. Following the lead of a more developed social science literature on urban issues, we make suggestions towards a consistent, quantitative description of urban that would take into account the dynamic and heterogeneous physical and social characteristics of an urban ecosystem. We provide case studies that illustrate how social and natural scientists might collaborate in research where a more clearly understood definition of rc="/content/QQ74R60624012478/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">urbanrc="/content/QQ74R60624012478/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> would be desirable.     

A Model Specification Test For GARCH(1,1) Processes

We provide a consistent specification test for generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH (1,1)) models based on a test statistic of Cramér‐von Mises type. Because the limit distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis depends on unknown quantities in a complicated manner, we propose a model‐based (semiparametric) bootstrap method to approximate critical values of the test and to verify its asymptotic validity. Finally, we illuminate the finite sample behaviour of the test by some simulations.     

The uniform distribution product: an approach to the (Q,r) inventory model using R

In this work the probability density function (PDF) for the product of two uniformly distributed random variables is explored under the implementation of a new procedure in R language. Based on the Rohatgi theorem for the theoretical form of the product, different possibilities for the range of values of the limits of both distributions are considered. As an application, the management of a ript>rc="/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/cjas20/2018/cjas20.v045.i02/02664763.2016.1275531/20171201/images/cjas_a_1275531_ilm0001.gif" alt=" />ript>rc="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt=" class="mml-formula" data-formula-source="{"type" : "image", "src" : "/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/cjas20/2018/cjas20.v045.i02/02664763.2016.1275531/20171201/images/cjas_a_1275531_ilm0001.gif"}" />rc="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" alt=" data-formula-source="{"type" : "mathjax"}" />roll" altimg="eq-00001.gif">(Q,r) inventory model with the presence of lead-time and uniform demand forecasts is considered. Solution to this model looks up to minimize the total costs through the variables Q (reorder quantity) and r (the reorder point), and not always exists an analytical solution of the problem. We show a graphical procedure for the simulation results and a more exactly analytical solution. Implementation in R is straightforward.     

间接经济效益的波及效应和摄动效应分析

通过对经济系统中经济对象博弈行为的分析, 提出用基于多智能体的整体建模仿真方法 对经济中的多人混合博弈问题进行仿真分析, 利用sw arm 仿真软件平台生成博弈模型— GAM E, 并对模型进行了描述和定义, 最后基于模型的仿真结果研究分析了博弈对象的数量、 博弈半径和博弈规则对博弈结果的影响.