When Everyone Is an Orphan: Against Adopting a U.S.-Styled Orphan Drug Policy in Canada

Putting aside whether diseases that affect only small numbers of people (“rare diseases”) should be prioritized over diseases that are otherwise orphaned, in this article I argue that a new approach to rare, orphan diseases is needed. The current model, first signaled by the United States' Orphan Drug Act and subsequently emulated by several other jurisdictions, relies on a set of open-ended criteria and market-based incentives in order to define and encourage drug therapies for rare, orphan diseases. Given a) the biopharmaceutical industries' growing interest in orphan diseases, b) progress in the sphere of personalized medicines enabling more and more common diseases to be reclassified as rare, and c) empirical evidence suggesting that the most orphan drugs target only a limited, lucrative subset of rare diseases, I argue that Canada, which recently announced plans to develop its own “orphan drug framework” should not follow the United States' orphan drug model.     

浅论毕达哥拉斯的“万物皆数”思想与现代数字化设计理念

“万物皆数”是古希腊哲学家毕达哥拉斯的重要思想,它可以解释万物,承载万物,掌控万物;现代数码科技也能够在虚拟的世界里如造物主一样营造万物,勾画秩序。在这两点之间可以找出它们的联系,分析万物皆数思想与数字化设计的某种契合,解读现代高科技中数字技术的哲学(源)     

强正相依随机变量列的强大数定律和强收敛速度

利用强正相依（SPD）随机序列的一些矩不等式,得到了关于强正相依（SPD）随机序列的强大数定律和强收敛速度的一些新结果。     

基于三角模糊的航空公司安全评估研究

本文在综合考虑航空公司安全影响因素的前提下,建立了安全评估指标体系。由于评估过程中存在的不确定性,故利用模糊层次分析法确定指标体系的权重,基于三角模糊数建立安全评估模型。实证分析表明,利用模糊理论在航空公司安全评估中可以获得较为准确的评价结果。     

Determinants of (generalised) Catalan numbers

We show that recent determinant evaluations involving Catalan numbers and generalisations thereof have most convenient explanations by combining the Lindström–Gessel–Viennot theorem on non-intersecting lattice paths with a simple determinant lemma from Krattenthaler (1990). This approach leads also naturally to extensions and generalisations.     

φ-混合序列的强大数律和收敛速度

用一般方法证明了φ-混合序列的强大数律、强收敛速度和随机变量上确界的可积性。     

数字在俄语中的演进及其在报刊中的应用

数字是报刊语言的有机组成部分。在俄文报刊语言中,数字没有得到应有的重视。实际上,数字自19世纪末进入俄文报刊以来,就一直发挥着积极的作用。从阿拉伯数字进入俄语的历史、数字在俄语中的发展状况以及存在的问题等几个方面可以看出数字在俄文报刊中的使用情况。     

集合论存在矛盾的必然性及其证明

自然数理论在无限问题上隐含逻辑矛盾,因为自然数理论是集合论的逻辑基础,所以集合论也隐含逻辑矛盾,这一事实是能够证明的,文章给出了三个不同的证明,它们分别与小学数学、中学数学、大学数学接轨。     

Consistent Estimation of the Structural Distribution Function

Motivated by problems in linguistics we consider a multinomial random vector for which the number of cells N is not much smaller than the sum of the cell frequencies, i.e. the sample size n . The distribution function of the uniform distribution on the set of all cell probabilities multiplied by N is called the structural distribution function of the cell probabilities. Conditions are given that guarantee that the structural distribution function can be estimated consistently as n increases indefinitely although n / N does not. The natural estimator is inconsistent and we prove consistency of essentially two alternative estimators.     

Some extensions of the classical law of large numbers

Abstract

In the present article, we study the classic Bernoulli weak law of large numbers and Borel strong law of large numbers, which weaken the assumptions of some known results.