Bayes Hilbert Spaces

A Bayes linear space is a linear space of equivalence classes of proportional σ‐finite measures, including probability measures. Measures are identified with their density functions. Addition is given by Bayes' rule and substraction by Radon–Nikodym derivatives. The present contribution shows the subspace of square‐log‐integrable densities to be a Hilbert space, which can include probability and infinite measures, measures on the whole real line or discrete measures. It extends the ideas from the Hilbert space of densities on a finite support towards Hilbert spaces on general measure spaces. It is also a generalisation of the Euclidean structure of the simplex, the sample space of random compositions. In this framework, basic notions of mathematical statistics get a simple algebraic interpretation. A key tool is the centred‐log‐ratio transformation, a generalization of that used in compositional data analysis, which maps the Hilbert space of measures into a subspace of square‐integrable functions. As a consequence of this structure, distances between densities, orthonormal bases, and Fourier series representing measures become available. As an application, Fourier series of normal distributions and distances between them are derived, and an example related to grain size distributions is presented. The geometry of the sample space of random compositions, known as Aitchison geometry of the simplex, is obtained as a particular case of the Hilbert space when the measures have discrete and finite support.     

传统音乐在安徽普通高校教育现状的调查与分析

通过对安徽省16所普通高校的中国传统音乐教育现状的调查分析,发现中国传统音乐在普通高校的音乐课程中所占的比例以及大学生对中国传统音乐的态度和认知水平存在诸多问题,进而引发作者对普通高校的中国传统音乐教育现状的思考,并从课程设置、教学内容、教学计划和教学大纲等方面对中国传统音乐教育提出一些建设性构想与建议,进一步论述了如何更有效地利用普通高校这一优势文化阵地开展中国传统音乐教育,传承和创新中国灿烂悠久的音乐文化传统。     

沈从文、萧红乡土“抒情”小说创作比较

沈从文和萧红的抒情小说创作在现代文学史上独立新帜,又有各自的特点。作为抒情小说,他们的作品都具有浓郁的抒情性,淡化冲突和情节,并且放慢了叙事节奏。但在沈从文的笔下,我们更多的看到的是人性美好的一面,而萧红笔下的世界则让人触目惊心,这点也表现在了人物形象的塑造上。在作品中流露的情感,沈从文的显得平和、从容、含蓄,而萧红作品中的情感则激烈、外露一些,他们对笔下世界的不同情感关照同时也表现在景物的描写上。虽然有这许多不同,但两人的作品都贯穿着现代乡村的“常”与“变”。      

职业教育与普通高中教育收入回报之差异

讨论教育回报时,职业教育和普通高中教育之间所存在的实质性区别往往被学者忽略。本文使用中国家庭动态调查2010年基线调查数据来分析职业教育与普通高中教育在收入回报上的差异。结果表明,在控制教育类型的选择性因素和个人工作经验等变量的情况下,接受职业教育者比接受普通高中教育者有更多的收入回报。不过,收入回报的差异随教育世代而变化,改革开放早期接受职业教育者比接受普通高中教育者拥有较高的回报, 1990年后接受职业教育者的收入回报已没有优势。本文认为,职业教育有回报优势源自于他们在高等教育供给不足的特定历史背景下更有可能从事专业技术性工作,而职业教育回报优势的消失则是因为高校扩招所带来的职业教育文凭价值相对降低。     

Pair‐copula constructions for non‐Gaussian DAG models

We propose a new type of multivariate statistical model that permits non‐Gaussian distributions as well as the inclusion of conditional independence assumptions specified by a directed acyclic graph. These models feature a specific factorisation of the likelihood that is based on pair‐copula constructions and hence involves only univariate distributions and bivariate copulas, of which some may be conditional. We demonstrate maximum‐likelihood estimation of the parameters of such models and compare them to various competing models from the literature. A simulation study investigates the effects of model misspecification and highlights the need for non‐Gaussian conditional independence models. The proposed methods are finally applied to modeling financial return data. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 86–109; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada     

A Measure of Dependence Between Two Compositions

We consider the problem of describing the correlation between two compositions. Using a bicompositional Dirichlet distribution, we calculate a joint correlation coefficient, based on the concept of information gain, between two compositions. Numerical values of the joint correlation coefficient are calculated for compositions of two and three components, respectively. We also present an estimator of the joint correlation coefficient for a sample from a bicompositional Dirichlet distribution. Two confidence intervals are presented and we examine their empirical confidence coefficients using a Monte Carlo study. Finally, we apply the estimator to a data set analysing the joint correlation between the 1967 and 1997, and the 1977 and 1997 compositions of the government gross domestic product for the 50 states of the USA and the District of Columbia.     

Sexual behavior of clients with street prostitutes in Camden,NJ

This paper describes the sexual behaviors of 101 male clients with female street prostitutes. An earlier study (Freund, Leonard, & Lee, 1989) was limited to sexual behaviors of street prostitutes themselves. Interviews were given by 62% of the clients approached. The clients were mature men (mean = 39.8 years), long‐term residents of Camden, NJ (mean = 19.2 years), and currently or previously married (78/101). Racial composition was similar to the general population of the area, 65% white, 33% black, 2% Asian. Clients reported a mean of 5.3 years of using prostitution, with 81% having been clients of Camden prostitutes for more than a year. Most were regular (or repeat) clients; 93% monthly or more frequently, and 63% weekly or more frequently. About one‐half (55%) reported sex with the same prostitute or same small group of prostitutes. The primary meeting place was the street (78/101) and 43% of the sexual encounters took place in the clients' cars. Ejaculation into the vagina was most frequently reported (43/101), followed by ejaculation into the mouth (39/101) Reports of condom use were substantial; 72% for vaginal and 33% for oral intercourse (mean = 58% of encounters).     

李白的货币思想

货币是应人类商品交换的需要而产生的一种工具.人类创造这种工具的目的在用其为自己的利益服务.货币交换也是一种游戏,人们几乎在开展货币交换时,就在制定相应的游戏规则.李白深刻揭示货币运行的规律,并遵循交换的"游戏" 规则,从多方面利用货币为人类服务:或充分利用货币的使用价值以福利人;或积极发挥货币交换的职能作用以愉悦人;或努力促进货币循环流通的运动以激励人;或深刻揭示货币充当等价商品的本质以沟通人.     

具有纯正~0 po-断面的主序正则半群

研究了具有纯正0po-断面的主序正则半群.将半群的断面理论拓展到po-半群中,并且借助于纯正0po-断面来具体描述主序正则半群的结构.     

论清代词学三大主题

清代词学,虽著作林立,词派纷呈,然各家各派词论,异中有同,殊途同归。构成三大理论主题：辨体和尊体、“正变”批评、比兴和寄托。通过辨体和尊体,彰显了词体特征,提升了词体品格;通过“正变”批评,反映了清代词家的词史观,对前代词学的审美评价、审美选择;通过追求比兴和寄托,开拓深厚了词境。三大词学主题,对清词理论与创作的繁荣,产生了巨大促进作用。