Experiencing Undesired Daily Life Events,Instrumental Functioning,Social Support and Well-Being of Israeli Elderly Women: Comparison Between Caregivers/Non-Caregivers for Adult Children with Mental Retardation

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which 160 mothers who care for an adult child with mental retardation differ in respect to undesired daily life events, instrumental functioning, social support and well-being from a comparably matched group of age peers. Findings indicated that caregivers for adult children with mental retardation reported more undesired daily life events in comparison to the matched group. However, no differences were found in respect to their instrumental functioning, social support and well-being. A detailed analysis showed significant variations in measures of undesired daily life events and social support.     

重大公共(卫生)事件中社会伦理心态的德性论阐释

在重大公共(卫生)事件期间,勇敢、节制、慷慨、友善与诚实这五种美德是公众普遍希望每个社会成员所具有的德性,这些德性不论是在社会生活中还是在网络公共讨论中,根据不同的情景突出某个或多个美德,以此应对整个社会的卫生紧急状态。     

Stubbornness,Power, and Equilibrium Selection in Repeated Games with Multiple Equilibria

Axelord’s [(1970), Conflict of Interest, Markham Publishers, Chicago] index of conflict in 2 × 2 games with two pure strategy equilibria has the property that a reduction in the cost of holding out corresponds to an increase in conflict. This article takes the opposite view, arguing that if losing becomes less costly, a player is less likely to gamble to win, which means that conflict will be less frequent. This approach leads to a new power index and a new measure of stubbornness, both anchored in strategic reasoning. The win probability defined as power constitutes an equilibrium refinement which differs from Harsanyi and Selten’s [(1988), A General Theory of Equilibrium Selection in Games, MIT Press, Cambridge] refinement. In contrast, Axelrod’s approach focuses on preferences regarding divergences from imaginary outmost rewards that cannot be obtained jointly. The player who is less powerful in an asymmetric one-shot game becomes more powerful in the repeated game, provided he or she values the future sufficiently more than the opponent. This contrasts with the view that repetition induces cooperation, but conforms with the expectation that a more patient player receives a larger share of the pie.      

Analysis of repeated categorical responses from fully and partially cross-classified data

Many follow-up studies involve categorical data measured on the same individual at different times. Frequently, some of the individuals are missing one or more of the measurements. This results in a contingency table with both fully and partially cross-classified data. Two models can be used to analyze data of this type: (i) The multiple-sample model, in which all the study subjects with the same configuration of missing observations are considered a separate sample. (ii) The single-sample model, which assumes that the missing observations are the result of a mechanism causing subjects to lose the informtion from one or some of the measurements. In this work we compare the two approaches and show that under certain conditions, the two models yield the same maximum likelihood estimates of the cell probabilities in the underlying contingency table.     

A Note on Independent and Exhaustive Events

In this article, we show that a finite collection of independent events cannot be exhaustive except in the trivial case in which one of the events occurs with probability one. For an infinite collection of events, however, exhaustiveness need not preclude independence. Illustrative examples are provided.     

Design of a resilient shock absorber for disrupted supply chain networks: a shock-dampening fortification framework for mitigating excursion events

This article interweaves the widely published empirical frameworks with a new paradigm proposing stochastic dynamic decision-making tools that could be employed for capturing the trade-offs among multiple and conflicting-in-nature criteria so as to provide a design of a resilient shock absorber (RSA) for disrupted supply chain network (SCN). Modern SCNs encounter ‘excursion events’ of different kinds mainly due to uncertain and turbulent markets, catastrophes, accidents, industrial disputes/strikes in organisations, terrorism and asymmetric information. An ‘excursion event’ is an unpredictable event that effectively shuts down or has a relatively large negative impact on the performance of at least one member of a system for a relatively long amount of time. In this article, design of an analytical framework has been conceptualised that allows an SCN to avoid propagating the ill effects of the ‘excursion events’ further and maintains the network at a desired equilibrium level. A broad analytical view of econophysics has been conceptualised using the definition of a ‘system’ from physics. An example derived from the 9/11 case has been delineated in order to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed design. The devised RSA facilitates the assessment of resiliency strategies for SCNs prone to excursion events that are characterised by low probability of occurrence and high impact. The shock-dampening fortification framework also enables practitioners to identify and assess quantitatively the islands of the excursion events in SCN.     

基于学习的孵化器与创投协同知识创造资源共享研究

将学习因素纳入科技企业孵化器与创投多阶段协同知识创造资源共享的微观机制,建立孵化器与创投多阶段重复主从博弈模型,研究学习因素、税收强度、财政返还、创投股权对维系孵化器与创投协同知识(信息)合作的作用,以及孵化器的最优参与度和双方总的最优投入.研究发现,当孵化器与创投进行知识(信息)协同创造后从创业项目获取收益的比例要高于创投时,孵化器参与到与创投的合作.在满足孵化器与创投合作的条件下,孵化器的最优参与度与政府税收强度和财政返还比例正相关,与创投在创业项目中所占股份负相关.孵化器和创投总的最优投入水平与税收强度、财政返还比例、初始学习因素正相关,与创投在项目中所占股份的比例、博弈阶段长度和市场利率负相关.     

附加噪声长记忆过程的半参数估计方法研究

附加噪声长记忆过程的参数估计在实证研究中一直受到回避.本文通过聚合算子对样本数据进行降噪处理,研究了局部Whittle(LW)估计和对数周期图(LP)回归两种半参数估计方法.结果表明LW估计方法相比LP回归,解决了半参数方法的参数选取问题,且能够完全忽略噪声数据的影响而得到一致的估计.将LW估计应用于中国股市,发现重大突发事件发生时的长记忆性表现得最为强烈,且事件后比事件前要强烈.     

Life events,genetic susceptibility,and smoking among adolescents

Although stressful life events during adolescence are associated with the adoption of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, both social circumstances and physical traits can moderate the relationship. This study builds on the stress paradigm and gene–environment approach to social behavior by examining how a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR moderates the effect of life events on adolescent smoking. Tests of interaction hypotheses use data from the Family Transitions Project, a longitudinal study of 7th graders followed for 5 years. A sibling-pair design with separate models for the gender composition of pairs (brothers, sisters, or brother/sister) controls for unmeasured family background. The results show that negative life events are significantly and positively associated with smoking. Among brother pairs but not other pairs, the results provide evidence of gene–environment interaction by showing that life events more strongly influence smoking behavior for those with more copies of the 5-HTTLPR S allele.     

协商:化解公共冲突的一种基本方式

协商对于化解公共冲突具有显著的意义,它不仅是民主社会发展的内在要求,还是化解公共冲突的有效手段,对于建构和谐社会和实现"中国梦"都具有重要的意义。目前,不少公共管理者在观念上不想协商,在手段上不善于协商,也缺乏协商所需的必要的社会氛围,这给以协商化解公共冲突的方式造成很大阻碍。公共管理者应当树立协商是化解冲突首选、是必须的"规定动作"等观念,要尊重民众权利、习惯平起平坐,防止先"定调子"的协商。