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91.
S. Lynne Stokes 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(12):1207-1211
Ranked set sampling is a procedure which may be used to improve the precision of the estimator of the mean. It is useful in cases where the variable of interest is much more difficult to measure than to order. However, even if ordering is difficult, but there is an easily ranked concomitant variable available, then it may be used to “judgment order” the original variable. The amount of increase in the precision of the estimator is dependent upon the correlation between the 2 variables. 相似文献
92.
Christopher A. Mebane 《Risk analysis》2010,30(2):203-223
Criteria to protect aquatic life are intended to protect diverse ecosystems, but in practice are usually developed from compilations of single‐species toxicity tests using standard test organisms that were tested in laboratory environments. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) developed from these compilations are extrapolated to set aquatic ecosystem criteria. The protectiveness of the approach was critically reviewed with a chronic SSD for cadmium comprising 27 species within 21 genera. Within the data set, one genus had lower cadmium effects concentrations than the SSD fifth percentile‐based criterion, so in theory this genus, the amphipod Hyalella, could be lost or at least allowed some level of harm by this criteria approach. However, population matrix modeling projected only slightly increased extinction risks for a temperate Hyalella population under scenarios similar to the SSD fifth percentile criterion. The criterion value was further compared to cadmium effects concentrations in ecosystem experiments and field studies. Generally, few adverse effects were inferred from ecosystem experiments at concentrations less than the SSD fifth percentile criterion. Exceptions were behavioral impairments in simplified food web studies. No adverse effects were apparent in field studies under conditions that seldom exceeded the criterion. At concentrations greater than the SSD fifth percentile, the magnitudes of adverse effects in the field studies were roughly proportional to the laboratory‐based fraction of species with adverse effects in the SSD. Overall, the modeling and field validation comparisons of the chronic criterion values generally supported the relevance and protectiveness of the SSD fifth percentile approach with cadmium. 相似文献
93.
王玲玲 《重庆文理学院学报》2011,30(1):12-14
在瑶族信仰中,雷神是具有复杂社会职能的神,其关键职能就是生殖功能,在以农业生产为主的中国即为繁衍生命和丰饶农业.由于自然环境和文化背景的影响,诸神中雷神在瑶族中占的地位十分重要,瑶族先民把生殖的祈盼寄托于雷神,雷神的生殖功能通过许多文化形式来体现,如洪水神话、祭雷仪式、禁忌等. 相似文献
94.
In this paper we assess the sensitivity of the multivariate extreme deviate test for a single multivariate outlier to non-normality in the form of heavy tails. We find that the empirical significance levels can be markedly affected by even modest departures from multivariate normality. The effects are particularly severe when the sample size is large relative to the dimension. Finally, by way of example we demonstrate that certain graphical techniques may prove useful in identifying the source of rejection for the multivariate extreme deviate test. 相似文献
95.
John E. Angus 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(21):2477-2482
The asymptotic normality of the Cramer-von Mises one-sample test statistic and one of its variants under an alternative cdf is demonstrated. The derivation herein is unique in that it does not require knowledge of the theory of weak convergence of probability measures defined on metrized function spaces, and thus is accessible to a broader class of students and practitioners. 相似文献
96.
William C. Guenther 《The American statistician》2013,67(3):120-121
An elementary method of proof of the mode, median, and mean inequality is given for skewed, unimodal distributions of continuous random variables. A proof of the inequality for the gamma, F, and beta random variables is sketched. 相似文献
97.
Javad Behboodian 《The American statistician》2013,67(4):161-162
Functional forms of order statistics, as the solution of a system of equations, are studied. The case of the smaller and the larger of two random variables is discussed in detail. Some applications for normal and binomial distributions are presented. 相似文献
98.
Javad Behboodian 《The American statistician》2013,67(3)
A particular mixture of bivariate distributions is used to present examples of dependent uncorrelated random variables and independent random variables. A necessary and sufficient condition for the independence for such a bivariate distribution is given. 相似文献
99.
We consider the square contingency tables which arise when the same method of classification is applied twice. The hypothesis of marginal homogeneity is then relevant! and can be tested by various methods Models are discussed which contain marginal homogeneity as a special case. They include a class based on univariate and bivariate Dirichlet distributions. The question of ordered categories is briefly discussed. Applications are made to data on unaided distance vision. 相似文献
100.
Bruce Levin 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(11):1299-1327
We describe a method of computing the cumulative distribution function of the maximum and minimum cell frequencies in sampling distributions commonly encountered in the analysis of categorical data.The procedure is efficient for exact or approximate calculation in both homogeneous and non-homogeneous cases, is non-recursive, and does not require Dirichlet integrals.Some related statistical problems are also discussed. 相似文献