国内设计行业如何面对加入WTO后的挑战

中国加入世界贸易组织 (WTO) ,对于我国工程设计行业将产生深刻的影响。工程勘察设计咨询业隶属于服务贸易领域 ,所有成员国都必须接受《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)规定。加入WTO后 ,国外建筑事务所会大量涌入 ,将依靠其先进的技术和管理、优厚的融资能力冲击我们的工程的咨询设计市场。为了能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地 ,分析了解国外事务所的经营管理模式 ,分析国内外工程设计行业的差距 ,研究对策 ,做好准备是当务之急     

Dose-Response and Risk Assessment of Airborne Hexavalent Chromium and Lung Cancer Mortality

This study evaluates the dose-response relationship for inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and lung cancer mortality for workers of a chromate production facility, and provides estimates of the carcinogenic potency. The data were analyzed using relative risk and additive risk dose-response models implemented with both Poisson and Cox regression. Potential confounding by birth cohort and smoking prevalence were also assessed. Lifetime cumulative exposure and highest monthly exposure were the dose metrics evaluated. The estimated lifetime additional risk of lung cancer mortality associated with 45 years of occupational exposure to 1 microg/m3 Cr(VI) (occupational exposure unit risk) was 0.00205 (90%CI: 0.00134, 0.00291) for the relative risk model and 0.00216 (90%CI: 0.00143, 0.00302) for the additive risk model assuming a linear dose response for cumulative exposure with a five-year lag. Extrapolating these findings to a continuous (e.g., environmental) exposure scenario yielded an environmental unit risk of 0.00978 (90%CI: 0.00640, 0.0138) for the relative risk model [e.g., a cancer slope factor of 34 (mg/kg-day)-1] and 0.0125 (90%CI: 0.00833, 0.0175) for the additive risk model. The relative risk model is preferred because it is more consistent with the expected trend for lung cancer risk with age. Based on statistical tests for exposure-related trend, there was no statistically significant increased lung cancer risk below lifetime cumulative occupational exposures of 1.0 mg-yr/m3, and no excess risk for workers whose highest average monthly exposure did not exceed the current Permissible Exposure Limit (52 microg/m3). It is acknowledged that this study had limited power to detect increases at these low exposure levels. These cancer potency estimates are comparable to those developed by U.S. regulatory agencies and should be useful for assessing the potential cancer hazard associated with inhaled Cr(VI).     

Valuation of childhood risk reduction: the importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective.

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective.     

对降低中国农业生产风险的方式探讨

农业生产领域因其要受气候条件、自然灾害、技术的改变、信息的不完全、国家政策的变动,有着不同于其他行业的特殊风险性,而我国农户大多又是风险规避者,所以,如何降低农业生产中的风险,及如何看待降低风险的方式在中国的实效性问题,成为目前解决“三农”问题关键所在。     

商业银行中间业务及风险管理的几点思考

我国商业银行在中间业务发展上与外资银行相比存在较大的差距。面对外资银行进军中国市场的事实,我国商业银行只有大力发展中间业务才能抵抗外资银行的冲击。发展中间业务必定伴随着风险的出现,特别是与业务发展相关的风险巨大,银行自身必须从内部做好相关的风险防范与管理;同时,银行监督管理部门也要从外部做好相关的风险管理工作,来保障和促进商业银行中间业务的发展。     

Benchmark Analysis: Shopping with Proper Confidence

We discuss the issue of using benchmark doses for quantifying (excess) risk associated with exposure to environmental hazards. The paradigm of low-dose risk estimation in dose-response modeling is used as the primary application scenario. Emphasis is placed on making simultaneous inferences on benchmark doses when data are in the form of proportions, although the concepts translate easily to other forms of outcome data.     

衍生金融工具风险:种类、成因与控制

衍生金融工具的风险问题已经引起了各国经济界和管理当局的广泛关注。本文将衍生金融工具的风险概括为市场风险、信用风险、流动性风险、营运风险和法律风险五类 ,探讨了各种风险的成因 ,并提出了防范和控制对策     

把握网络化时代的高校思想政治教育

应先把握网络全面促进大学生思想素质提高的可能性:独立意识的发展;开放精神的树立;创新精神的觉醒。在把握机遇的同时,也必须把握严峻的挑战:网络的开放性、不可控性、隐蔽性、“成瘾”性,严重干挠了大学生的成长环境,弱化了道德观的有效教育,导致交际能力与学业水平的下降。唯此,才能在教育队伍、网络管理体系,“两课”如何贯穿网络伦理教育这三大方面,把握高校思想政治教育进网络的主动权。     

风险投资家的双重逆向选择风险规避机制

风险投资过程中,由于信息的不对称,投资者与风险投资家之间、风险投资家与风险企业家之间存在着双重逆向选择风险。在融资阶段的信号传递机制中,作为代理人的风险投资家,选择融资计划书信号,向作为委托人的投资者传递其能力信号,投资者据此修正自己的先验概率,然后根据后验概率,与风险投资家签定合同规避风险;在投资阶段的信息甄别机制中,作为中间委托人的风险投资家先提供合同,这时唯一可能是分离均衡,即不同类型的风险企业家选择不同的合同规避风险。     

论加快国际港城新城区建设步伐

根据北仑区域经济发展的现状,提出了加快建设现代化国际港口城市新城区的奋斗目标和四方面措施,并强调以改革的精神加强和改进党的建设.