Measurement Error Correction by Exploiting Gene–Environment Independence in Family‐Based Case–Control Studies

Abstract. Family‐based case–control designs are commonly used in epidemiological studies for evaluating the role of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure to risk factors in the etiology of rare diseases. Within this framework, it is often reasonable to assume genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure being conditionally independent of each other within families in the source population. We focus on this setting to explore the situation of measurement error affecting the assessment of the environmental exposure. We correct for measurement error through a likelihood‐based method. We exploit a conditional likelihood approach to relate the probability of disease to the genetic and the environmental risk factors. We show that this approach provides less biased and more efficient results than that based on logistic regression. Regression calibration, instead, provides severely biased estimators of the parameters. The comparison of the correction methods is performed through simulation, under common measurement error structures.     

A generalized negative binomial and applications

A generalized negative binomial distribution is derived from the Markov Bernoulli sequence of successes and failures. We study the properties and applications of this distribution. The properties are illustrated by two examples of discrete time queueing systems. The distribution is then fitted to two data sets, the eruption record of Mt. Sangay, and a record of computer disk failure accesses. In the first case there is a strong serial dependence in the data and the generalized negative binomial provides a good fit, while in the second case, although there is a significant serial dependence, it is insufficient to justify the additional parameter of the distribution. We conclude by demonstrating the usefulness of the distribution in the field of statistical quality control.     

Four Correlation Coefficients with a Third Blocking Variable: Their Efficacy,Relative Efficiency,and Test Statistics

Abstract

The efficacy and the asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) of a weighted sum of Kendall's taus, a weighted sum of Spearman's rhos, a weighted sum of Pearson's r's, and a weighted sum of z-transformation of the Fisher–Yates correlation coefficients, in the presence of a blocking variable, are discussed. The method of selecting the weighting constants that maximize the efficacy of these four correlation coefficients is proposed. The estimate, test statistics and confidence interval of the four correlation coefficients with weights are also developed. To compare the small-sample properties of the four tests, a simulation study is performed. The theoretical and simulated results all prefer the weighted sum of the Pearson correlation coefficients with the optimal weights, as well as the weighted sum of z-transformation of the Fisher–Yates correlation coefficients with the optimal weights.     

高等教育的两难境地--论高等教育与社会的关系

高等教育与社会之间的关系问题是一个由来已久的问题.传统大学绝对独立于社会的历史如今已不现实,也不可取,而现代大学一味适应社会的做法也将预示着大学精神的衰落.在独立与适应之间找到平衡点,既不远离社会也不迎奉社会,与现实社会保持适当距离,是高等教育在处理自身与社会现实之间错综复杂关系的一种原则和策略.     

论伍廷芳的司法独立思想

伍廷芳的司法独立思想建构在西方"三权分立"原则之上,其主要内容有三点:一是反对行政权干涉司法权;二是采用西方律师制、陪审制、公开审判、辩论式诉讼、无罪推定等西方资产阶级文明审判方式和原则;三是开办法律学堂,实行法官高薪制。伍廷芳的司法独立思想是中国近代法制思想的重要组成部分。     

“自由”、“平等”的呼唤——“五四”时代女作家创作论

妇女解放是"五四 "时期民主知识分子备加关注的一个问题.伴随着"人"的意识的觉醒,追求人格独立、个性自由、婚恋自主已成为"五四"时代广大知识女性的自觉要求,"五四"时代女作家本身就是这样一些知识女性.文章从分析她们的作品入手,论述了女性自身对"自由"平等"的不懈探寻.     

The Independence Number of Graphs with a Forbidden Cycle and Ramsey Numbers

Let k 5 be a fixed integer and let m = (k – 1)/2. It is shown that the independence number of a C _k-free graph is at least c ₁[ d(v)^{1/(m – 1)}]^{(m – 1)/m} and that, for odd k, the Ramsey number r(C _k, K _n) is at most c ₂(n ^{m + 1}/log n)^1/m , where c ₁ = c ₁(m) > 0 and c ₂ = c ₂(m) > 0.     

论审判独立的公正与效率价值

应进一步加大审判独立的程度.审判独立是实现审判公正和效率价值的手段.一方面,它对诉讼法程序公正的诸项标准具有保障作用;另一方面,它又是缩减诉讼成本、优化资源配置的重要途径.而当下我国审判不独立是相当严重的,它导致审判公正和效率的双重弱化.     

从专家意见到专家陪审

专家法律意见书从无到有乃至专家满天飞,预示了知识经济时代的到来,专家的知识和权威的意见倍受尊崇,然而在知识价值的背后隐藏的却是无法可依,干扰司法独立,破坏司法公正的尴尬境地。为此有必要对专家意见说“NO”并积极寻求专家知识与司法实践相结合的最佳途径。     

六朝目录学新变对文体辨析的消极影响——以"文笔说"为例

六朝时期四部分类法的逐步确立,对于文学发展而言其影响并非全然是积极的,将文体辨析限制在集部内部进行,反不能产生较为纯粹的文学观念。以当时最能体现文学独立意向的文笔说为例,文笔之分自始即在四部分类的前提下进行,但到了南朝时期,随着文学批评的不断深入,文笔论者开始本于自己的文学观念而此一前提有所突破,但终未能完全舍弃。二者间的矛盾,使得各家的文笔理论均不能贯彻到底,从而无法产生更为纯粹的文学观念。四部分类对文笔说存在此种影响的原因,是两汉以降文集创作的繁盛所导致的四部分类取代《七略》分类这一过程与文体辨析发展之间的同步性,而此种影响何以是消极的,则在于早期四部分类法实用色彩之浓重。