有期徒刑分等的机能与依据——以刑事立法与行刑的不同范式为视角

有期徒刑等级的划分应以修正的刑罚分配主义为指导。在立法阶段,有期徒刑的轻重等级划分具有标示罪行轻重的形式机能,应以5年和10年作为轻等、中等与重等有期徒刑的界点;在行刑阶段,有期徒刑的长短期划分具有标示不同期限自由刑改造效果的实质机能,应以1年和15年作为短期、中期与长期有期徒刑的界点。     

A single-session positive cognitive intervention on first-year students’ mental health: Short-term effectiveness and the mediating role of strengths knowledge

Abstract

Objective: To better understand the effectiveness of a single-session positive cognitive intervention and uncover the possible mechanisms. Participants: Participants were 79 first-year students (aged 17–21) who volunteered for the intervention during the 2016 fall semester. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned into the intervention group and the control group. All participants completed pretest, post-test, 1 week, and 3-month follow-up tests. Thriving, negative emotional states, strengths knowledge were assessed. Results: Results showed significant increases of thriving in the intervention group at post-test and after 1 week, and significant decreases of negative emotions at the post-test and after 1 week and 3 months. Strengths knowledge fully mediated the intervention effect on thriving at post-test. Conclusions: The single-session positive cognitive intervention could be a responsive and effective approach to promote first-year students mental health. More attention should be paid to mechanisms of the single-session positive cognitive intervention so as to optimize the effects of the single-session positive cognitive intervention.     

Qualitative Analysis of the Short-Term and Long-Term Impact of Family Breakdown on Children: Case Study

This article analyzes the impact of divorce on the members of a family by doing a retrospective case study, comparing a mother’s perception of the effects of this experience on her children with their personal report of them. Both short-term and long-term effects are examined. Children suffered from sleep disorders, confusion, aggressiveness, behavioral problems, academic problems, resentment, and fear of abandonment. However, the personal experience of the separated parents did not lead to inevitable negative consequences in the long term, as is clear from the self-reports included here.     

我国大都市区管治成本研究

大都市区管治需要关注管治成本。管治的短期成本是各管治主体在利益驱动下所采取行为而承担的成本。各管治主体目标不同,面临的约束条件不同,承担的短期成本也不同:政府的短期成本以政策制定成本和行政成本为主,企业以投资公用事业成本为主,社会组织以协商成本和提供公共服务成本为主,市民以参与选举和协调成本为主。管治的长期成本是指为了实现管治目标整个社会付出的代价,我国大都市区管治的长期成本包括政府职能转换成本、政府间协调成本、非营利组织培育成本。     

中国居民消费水平变动的实证研究：1978—2009

采用1978—2009年人均消费支出、人均收入、人均储蓄、住房价格以及贷款利率数据,对我国居民消费水平变动进行了长期均衡和短期动态效应分析。研究结果表明:收入水平是影响居民消费的最主要因素;人均储蓄的增加则降低居民的消费水平;住房价格的上升影响了居民长期消费水平;利率调整对我国居民消费的刺激作用并不明显。因此政府应该从提高居民收入水平、降低房价以及推动利率的市场化等方面入手,提高居民消费水平。     

日本短期大学对我国专科教育的启示

日本短期大学属于地方性短期高等教育,以其开放式招生、灵活的办学方式,多功能的职能服务于地方,为国家的经济和社会发展作出了贡献.研究其历史,分析其现状,对改革我国专科教育,推进我国高等教育的大众化有着重要的借鉴意义.     

交替传译中短时记忆训练的认知心理学基础

短时记忆能力是口译成功的重要因素,这一点在交替传译中尤为明显。从认知心理学的角度出发分析短时记忆的本质和特征,利用短时记忆认知研究理论,结合短时记忆在交替传译实践中的重要作用,总结出有效提高交替传译中短时记忆信息量的训练方法,提高学生在交替传译中短时记忆的能力,为他们更好地完成交替传译任务提供有力保障。     

女性的长期择偶策略与短期性关系策略对比研究

女性在选择长期配偶时注重男性的经济资源（现有的和未来可能拥有的）,以及对自己和后代投资的意愿。有了这样的男性作保障,女性的基因会在生活优越的后代身上得以延续,此时女性采用的是＂后天取胜＂的策略。而女性在选择短期性伙伴时偏爱那些拥有典型男子汉气概的异性,这类情人能提供更优秀的基因,可使她的子辈在母亲腹中时就拥有生存和繁殖的优势,女性的基因就可能在身体健康、具有性魅力的孩子身上得以传递,此时女性采用的是＂先天取胜＂策略。     

最优短期流动资本管理规模的实证研究

20世纪90年代亚洲金融危机以后,短期流动资本管理再次成为关注的重心.在中国,由于企业不能自主的在国际金融市场上募集资金,只能通过政府作为"中间人"代其在国际金融市场中融资.因此政府实质上充当"最后贷款人"的角色,既承担国际短期债务的催偿风险,又要承担融资成本,我国政府应该从国家金融安全与降低国际融资成本方面考虑,选择最佳短期资本流入规模,既降低金融风险,又降低国际融资成本.     

Can Long-Term Exposure Distributions Be Predicted from Short-Term Measurements?

A method for estimating long-term distributions of exposure based on repeated short-term measurements within the same population is developed. If the short-term measurements span seasonal variation, and if the distributions are log-normal or nearly so, then long-term distributions can be estimated from as few as two visits to the same population. The method is illustrated using examples drawn from EPA's TEAM Study of exposures to volatile organic compounds.