合同法附随义务违约责任归责原则浅析

我国《合同法》第42、43条规定了缔约过失责任,第60条规定了合同履行过程中的附随义务,第92条规定了后合同义务。附随义务理论在我国《合同法》中被肯定下来,是学说继受和法典继受的结果,然而要使其真正衣土化,在我国生根成长,尚有很长的路要走。特别是,违反合同履行过程中的附随义务和后合同义务的归责原则,现行法律没有作出明确规定,给司法实践带来了困难。从法律规定附随义务的立法初衷等因素考虑,违反合同法附随义务的违约责任采用过错责任归责原则和过错推定的举证方式具有合理性。     

论迪尔凯姆社会学思想的实践意向

迪尔凯姆社会学思想的发展轨迹清楚地彰显了改良社会秩序的实践意向。面对19世纪中后期法国和欧洲社会的严重危机,迪尔凯姆运用科学的研究方法解剖了现代工业社会常态运行的机理和条件,发现社会危机的症结是整合社会秩序的法制和道德纽带出现了断裂。以此为基础,迪尔凯姆提出了改良社会秩序的原则性方案：国家监督下的职业规范和道德建设。     

翻译标准的多元性、动态性和模糊性

翻译标准是衡量译文质量优劣的一种尺度,古今中外关于翻译标准的论述异彩纷呈,但没有一个放之四海而皆准的标准。通过分析各种翻译标准发现,翻译标准难以统一的主要原因在于翻译标准的本质特性,即：翻译标准的多元性、动态性和模糊性。     

“效率优先、兼顾公平”的税收影响

在税收的效率、公平两原则中,我国强调的是前者,效率优先、兼顾公平。1994年的税制改革选择增值税为主体税种,体现了效率优先;而税收调节收入功能的弱化则说明对税收公平原则的背离;我国宏观税负呈下降趋势和强调效率原则有关,因此宏观税负的下降是经济增长付出的代价。     

德性：行政管理的重要资源

德性是社会的道德规范内化为人的内心信念和内在准则的优良品质。行政人员内含的德性是行政管理的重要资源,当前则表现出稀缺性的特点。为确保行政管理中德性资源供给与需求间的动态平衡,可通过社会建构和个体自塑两种途径对德性资源进行培育。     

从归责原则角度论知识产权保护

知识产权的保护需要从侵权责任的角度进行规制,立法的完善应当从概念的掌握入手,了解侵权责任归责原则的确切含义,才可以讨论知识产权侵权责任的归责原则,才能够在这一原则的指导下解决各项知识产权侵权案件上的疑惑,以期完善侵权责任法下的知识产权保护。     

论文明的本质、尺度及其历史形态演进的逻辑

文明是文化中积极性的成分，是人类与自身和自然界交往方式的科学化和道德化的体现。人种尺度和物种尺度构成科学、道德与文明的终极尺度，它们在人类生活形式中实现的程度差异决定了人类文明必将经历原始社会的自在的物种文明形态到传统社会的人种文明形态并最终发展到未来的自觉的物种文明形态。     

Ranking paired contestants

The ranking of paired contestants (players) after a series of contests is difficult when every player does not play every other player. In the 1975 JASA Mark Thompson presented a maximum likelihood solution based on the assumption that the probability of any one player defeating any other is a function only of the difference in their ranks. Here the linear approximation to that likelihood is shown to lead to a nonparametric measure of the efficacy of the ranking, called the net difference in ranks (NDR) , which is the sum of the differences in ranks of the paired players in the observed contests that agree with the ranking minus the sum of the differences in ranks in the observed contests that disagree with the ranking (upsets) . The subject is part of a large literature that has been consolidated by H.A. David in The Method of Paired Comparisons (1963, 1988). The method was introduced by the psychophysicist Fechner in 1860 and has been widely applied to sensory testing,     

Bayesian inference of asymmetric stochastic conditional duration models

This paper extends stochastic conditional duration (SCD) models for financial transaction data to allow for correlation between error processes and innovations of observed duration process and latent log duration process. Suitable algorithms of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) are developed to fit the resulting SCD models under various distributional assumptions about the innovation of the measurement equation. Unlike the estimation methods commonly used to estimate the SCD models in the literature, we work with the original specification of the model, without subjecting the observation equation to a logarithmic transformation. Results of simulation studies suggest that our proposed models and corresponding estimation methodology perform quite well. We also apply an auxiliary particle filter technique to construct one-step-ahead in-sample and out-of-sample duration forecasts of the fitted models. Applications to the IBM transaction data allow comparison of our models and methods to those existing in the literature.     

我国翻译质量评价研究的现状与趋势

翻译质量评价研究在我国译学研究中已经走过了相当一段路程,并取得了不小的成绩。论文围绕我国翻译质量评价之歧路、西方翻译评价理论在中国之引介、翻译质量评价新动向等方面对国内翻译质量评价研究的现状进行梳理,以期对我国的翻译质量评价研究提供参考。作为译学研究的重要组成部分,功能语言学为翻译质量评价提供了强大理论基础,语料库研究为其提供了可资借鉴的实证研究路径,将这二者结合或可使翻译评价研究走出一条新路。