论给付行政裁量的规制完善

讨论法治思维、法治政府评价的问题,就离不开对行政裁量的考察。考察行政裁量的本质论,就不能绕开对要件裁量说和效果裁量说这种两分法的再认识。探讨自由(便宜)裁量和羁束(法规)裁量的区别问题,不仅有助于把握行政裁量司法统制的界限和基准,而且有助于促进法规范的制定和解释之完善。结合给付行政的增大和裁量权的扩展这种世界性发展趋势,在给付行政领域建构符合该领域特点和规律性的行政责任论,裁量规制和裁量机制本身的完善必不可少。在具有较强裁量性的给付行政领域,宜进行功能性、程序法性的合目的性裁量,而运用和"羁束裁量行为"相对应意义以外的"自由裁量行为"观念,则是不适宜的。在给付行政领域,需要根据每个受给者的具体情形展开具有针对性的、各种各样的灵活应对,这种特点决定了该领域的裁量需要更广阔的空间,同时也需要完善相应的程序和准则,确立基层工作人员状况判断的优位等独具特色的权力运用规则,重视和强调规制手段的活用。     

哲学视野中的创新

创新是一个民族的灵魂 ,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。要树立创新的哲学理念 ,应该从哲学视角对创新的重要环节进行理论概括和阐释。新矛盾凸现是创新的契机 ;主体的利益需求是创新的价值导向 ;扬弃是创新的方法论原则 ;人民群众是创新的主体力量 ;历史实践是创新的实现途径和检验标准。     

“丑女人”现象：美国当代小说的一种倾向

美国当代小说里有不少丑女人形象。这种一反传统的丑女人小说之深刻用意在于:颠覆男权社会的女性美标准和女性美审美传统,昭示新女性不惜一切代价也要摆脱被艺术品化、被玩赏之屈辱地位的意志;表达她们拒绝凭借美貌去吸引男人,进而赢得社会赞许和社会地位的勇气;传达她们坚持依靠开发女性内在潜力而自立于社会,从而获得真正的男女平等的信念。     

均质岩基极限承载力滑移线解与极限平衡解的比较

极限平衡法、滑移线法是求解剪切破坏模式下均质岩基极限承载力的两种重要的极限分析法。通过对某工程均质岩基承载力的反算 ,对基于Hoek -Brown经验强度准则的 3种极限承载力计算方法—Bell解、Hoek -Brown解和滑移线法的计算结果进行了比较 ,并分析了造成差异的原因。     

Smoothing for discrete-valued time series

We deal with smoothed estimators for conditional probability functions of discrete-valued time series { Y_t } under two different settings. When the conditional distribution of Y_t given its lagged values falls in a parametric family and depends on exogenous random variables, a smoothed maximum (partial) likelihood estimator for the unknown parameter is proposed. While there is no prior information on the distribution, various nonparametric estimation methods have been compared and the adjusted Nadaraya–Watson estimator stands out as it shares the advantages of both Nadaraya–Watson and local linear regression estimators. The asymptotic normality of the estimators proposed has been established in the manner of sparse asymptotics, which shows that the smoothed methods proposed outperform their conventional, unsmoothed, parametric counterparts under very mild conditions. Simulation results lend further support to this assertion. Finally, the new method is illustrated via a real data set concerning the relationship between the number of daily hospital admissions and the levels of pollutants in Hong Kong in 1994–1995. An ad hoc model selection procedure based on a local Akaike information criterion is proposed to select the significant pollutant indices.     

诗歌翻译中“忠实”标准的多元取向——以朗费罗《金色的夕阳》的两种翻译为例

翻译的首要标准是忠实于原作。“忠实”标准适用于诗歌翻译时会表现出很大的灵活。性。对朗费罗的一首诗《金色的夕阳》的两种截然不同翻译表明，诗歌翻译中，由于译者对诗歌的各种内容与形式因素价值评判不同，“忠实”这一标准的取向是多元的，译者对这一客观标准的主观取向很大程度上影响译作风格。     

从功能语言学的角度看翻译实质、翻译策略与翻译标准

本文从语言的概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能入手,说明不同文本类型有不同的翻译策略,同时指出三类文本有共同的翻译标准,即“功能对等”。     

Response transformations in repeated measures and growth curve models

This article describes estimation and inference procedures for the parameters of the Box-Cox and foided-power transformations in repeated measures and growth curve models. Procedures for computing maximum likelihood estimates of the transformation and covariance parameters under several covanance structures (omnibus sphericity, local sphericity, and unstructured) are described. Lack of fit statistics and hypothesis tests for comparing these structures also are described. The procedures are illustrated on three data sets. Software for performing the analyses in the SAS System is described and is available from the authors.     

Nonparametric estimating equations based on a penalized information criterion

It has recently been observed that, given the mean‐variance relation, one can improve on the accuracy of the quasi‐likelihood estimator by the adaptive estimator based on the estimation of the higher moments. The estimation of such moments is usually unstable, however, and consequently only for large samples does the improvement become evident. The author proposes a nonparametric estimating equation that does not depend on the estimation of such moments, but instead on the penalized minimization of asymptotic variance. His method provides a strong improvement over the quasi‐likelihood estimator and the adaptive estimators, for a wide range of sample sizes.     

文学批评标准的客观性和普遍性

本文认为文学批评标准客观存在，理由有三：必要性；可能性；中外文学批评标准存在的客观事实。但是文学批评标准没有普遍性，它有着种种破坏普遍的异质因素：历史推移性、民族性、主体多元性。而诸如美学的历史的观点、真善美的标准都因过于抽象，只能作为方法论原则起指导性作用。为此。我们必须建立起一个系统的开放的文学批评标准体系。