行政计划的法律控制研究

行政计划作为一种新兴的现代行政管理方式,其自身特点决定了在法律控制的方法上实体控制的局限与程序控制的优越,因而构建民主科学的计划程序从而将其纳入法制轨道已成为行政法学的一个重要课题.由于过去理论上的长期不重视与实践中的不规范操作,造成我国行政计划程序法制化程度十分落后,在了解这一现状并考察国外先进经验的基础上,我国应切实建立和完善行政计划程序立法.     

依法执政与民族问题

文章从“执政理论”的“依法执政”与“民族问题”的重大理论与实践课题出发,对现实民族问题主要元素的“民族问题内涵、民族工作社会化法治化、加快民族地区经济发展、注重培养选拔少数民族干部、构建和谐社会民族关系、全面建设民族地区小康社会、依法推进西部大开发坚持完善民族区域自治制度、弘扬民族传统优秀文化、健全民族政策法制机制”等问题,探讨其创新性诠释与全民性共识的意义。     

论审判独立与独立审判

西方各国的审判独立,即司法独立,主要体现于审判机关的体系独立、法官的审判独立、法院内部的审级独立、司法权的统一以及司法机关对立法、行政机关的制衡等五个方面.这五方面相辅相成,构成为一个完整的独立体系.与此相比,中国的独立审判则存在着司法机关的行政机关化、审判不独立、执法不均衡、司法不统一等问题.在推进中国法治国家建设的过程中,应创立社会主义制度下的权力制衡理论,推进司法独立,作为第一步,应提高法院在执政党内的地位.     

Power and stability comparisons of multiple testing procedures with false discovery rate control

High-throughput data analyses are widely used for examining differential gene expression, identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms, and detecting methylation loci. False discovery rate (FDR) has been considered a proper type I error rate to control for discovery-based high-throughput data analysis. Various multiple testing procedures have been proposed to control the FDR. The power and stability properties of some commonly used multiple testing procedures have not been extensively investigated yet, however. Simulation studies were conducted to compare power and stability properties of five widely used multiple testing procedures at different proportions of true discoveries for various sample sizes for both independent and dependent test statistics. Storey's two linear step-up procedures showed the best performance among all tested procedures considering FDR control, power, and variance of true discoveries. Leukaemia and ovarian cancer microarray studies were used to illustrate the power and stability characteristics of these five multiple testing procedures with FDR control.     

Linear estimation for the extended exponential power distribution

Tiao and Lund [The use of OLUMV estimators in inference robustness studies of the location parameter of a class of symmetric distributions. J Amer Statist Assoc. 1970;65(329):370–386] tabulated the coefficients of the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUEs) of location and scale for a particular family of symmetric distributions. This family was a reparameterization of the extended exponential power distribution (EEPD) with the shape parameter restricted to be greater than or equal to one. In this work, we consider the BLU estimation of the location and scale parameters of the EEPD when the shape parameter is one-third and one-half. We obtain closed-form expressions for the single and product moments of the order statistics when the shape parameter is in general in the form of a reciprocal of an integer. These expressions are then used to determine the BLUEs and the corresponding variances for complete samples of size 20 and less. We consider some other linear estimators of the location and scale parameters and then compare them with the BLUEs. Finally, we present a numerical example to illustrate the developed results.     

Fitting asymmetric bimodal data with selected distributions

ABSTRACT

This article discusses two asymmetrization methods, Azzalini's representation and beta generation, to generate asymmetric bimodal models including two novel beta-generated models. The practical utility of these models is assessed with nine data sets from different fields of applied sciences. Besides this tutorial assessment, some methodological contributions are made: a random number generator for the asymmetric Rathie–Swamee model is developed (generators for the other models are already known and briefly described) and a new likelihood ratio test of unimodality is compared via simulations with other available tests. Several tools have been used to quantify and test for bimodality and assess goodness of fit including Bayesian information criterion, measures of agreement with the empirical distribution and the Kolmogorov–Smirnoff test. In the nine case studies, the results favoured models derived from Azzalini's asymmetrization, but no single model provided a best fit across the applications considered. In only two cases the normal mixture was selected as best model. Parameter estimation has been done by likelihood maximization. Numerical optimization must be performed with care since local optima are often present. We concluded that the models considered are flexible enough to fit different bimodal shapes and that the tools studied should be used with care and attention to detail.     

Uncertainty and Variability in Health-Related Damages from Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States

The health‐related damages associated with emissions from coal‐fired power plants can vary greatly across facilities as a function of plant, site, and population characteristics, but the degree of variability and the contributing factors have not been formally evaluated. In this study, we modeled the monetized damages associated with 407 coal‐fired power plants in the United States, focusing on premature mortality from fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). We applied a reduced‐form chemistry‐transport model accounting for primary PM_2.5 emissions and the influence of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions on secondary particulate formation. Outputs were linked with a concentration‐response function for PM_2.5‐related mortality that incorporated nonlinearities and model uncertainty. We valued mortality with a value of statistical life approach, characterizing and propagating uncertainties in all model elements. At the median of the plant‐specific uncertainty distributions, damages across plants ranged from $30,000 to $500,000 per ton of PM_2.5, $6,000 to $50,000 per ton of SO₂, $500 to $15,000 per ton of NO_x, and $0.02 to $1.57 per kilowatt‐hour of electricity generated. Variability in damages per ton of emissions was almost entirely explained by population exposure per unit emissions (intake fraction), which itself was related to atmospheric conditions and the population size at various distances from the power plant. Variability in damages per kilowatt‐hour was highly correlated with SO₂ emissions, related to fuel and control technology characteristics, but was also correlated with atmospheric conditions and population size at various distances. Our findings emphasize that control strategies that consider variability in damages across facilities would yield more efficient outcomes.     

工匠精神融入大学生职业信念培育的探讨

工匠精神是一种包含了爱岗敬业、精益求精、执着专注、追求卓越等一系列良好品格的精神集合体,蕴涵了包括职业文化、职业信念和职业道德等方面的要求,工匠精神与职业信念高度契合。工匠精神融入大学生职业信念培育,有助于加快建设制造强国、丰富高校思想政治教育的内容、培养时代新人以及弘扬并践行社会主义核心价值观。应坚持社会主义核心价值观导向、精神渗透、三结合、外化于行等原则。具体途径有坚持主渠道,渗透工匠精神,增强职业认同;引导职业规划,定位工匠精神,培养职业情感;加强文化熏陶,感悟工匠精神,提升职业自信;开展专业实践活动,体验工匠精神,强化职业意志。     

Strategic Supply Function Competition With Private Information

A finite number of sellers (n) compete in schedules to supply an elastic demand. The cost of each seller is random, with common and private value components, and the seller receives a private signal about it. A Bayesian supply function equilibrium is characterized: The equilibrium is privately revealing and the incentives to rely on private signals are preserved. Supply functions are steeper with higher correlation among the cost parameters. For high (positive) correlation, supply functions are downward sloping, price is above the Cournot level, and as we approach the common value case, price tends to the collusive level. As correlation becomes maximally negative, we approach the competitive outcome. With positive correlation, private information coupled with strategic behavior induces additional distortionary market power above full information levels. Efficiency can be restored with appropriate subsidy schemes or with a precise enough public signal about the common value component. As the market grows large with the number of sellers, the equilibrium becomes price‐taking, bid shading is on the order of 1/n, and the order of magnitude of welfare losses is 1/n². The results extend to inelastic demand, demand uncertainty, and demand schedule competition. A range of applications in product and financial markets is presented.