On principles and arguments to likelihood

Birnbaum (1962a) argued that the conditionality principle (C) and the sufficiency principle (S) implied the likelihood principle (L); he then argued (Birnbaum 1972) that C and a mathematical equivalence principle M implied L. Evans, Fraser, and Monette (1985a) gave reference details, and this paper gives proof that C alone implies L. The level of support by the profession for L is sharply less than that for S or even for C; thus the paradoxical nature of these results. In this regard, we elaborate on the Monette example (Fraser, Monette, and Ng 1984), which provides a strong case against L. We also examine closely the various proofs linking the principles and find that S and C can each be used operationally to suppress information otherwise deemed relevant. From another viewpoint this says that S and C can each be used in contexts that directly conflict with the original examples and motivations supporting them; the principles can thus be viewed as inappropriately used, or more strongly, as invalid. In either case, the result that C and S imply L or that C implies L can be regarded as noneffective in the context of discriminating applications. A resolution of the apparent anomalies can be obtained by allowing the statistical model to include ingredients additional to those usually present (particularly for subsequent use with conditionality), or alternatively by restricting the application of the principles to contexts where the conflicts would seem not to arise.     

A test for homogeneity when the sample is a positive lagrangian poisson distribution

In this note, we obtain, based on the sample sum, a statistic to test the homogeneity of a random sample from a positive (zero truncated) Lagrangian Poisson distribution given in Consul and Jain (1973). This test statistic conforms, in a special case, to Singh (1978). A goodness-of-fit test statistic for the Borel-Tanner distribution is obtained as a particular case cf our results.     

On the best linear unbiased estimator and the linear sufficiency of a general growth curve model

Growth curve models are used to analyze repeated measures data (longitudinal data), which are functions of time. In this paper, some necessary and sufficient conditions for linear function B₁YB₂ to be the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) of estimable functions X₁ΘX₂ (or K₁ΘK₂) under the general growth curve model were established. In addition, the representations of BLUE(K₁ΘK₂) (or BLUE(X₁ΘX₂)) were derived when the conditions are satisfied. Two special notions of linear sufficiency with respect to the general growth curve model are given in the end. The findings of this paper enrich some known results in the literature.     

Policy Sequencing and the Development of Rice Value Chains in Senegal

In response to the world food crisis in 2008, Senegal developed a productivist national food self‐sufficiency programme. However, the critical question is not whether the programme can meet its ambitious target of self‐sufficiency in rice production by 2015, but, if it does, how will domestic rice reach urban markets, where consumers generally prefer imported rice for its superior grain quality. Information collected through interviews and a stakeholder workshop advances the argument that policy sequencing will be crucial in order to upgrade Senegalese rice value chains progressively. Any large‐scale investments in productivity will need to be preceded by investments in post‐harvest grain‐quality infrastructure before sector‐wide marketing strategies can be adopted that enhance the chain competitiveness of domestic relative to imported rice.     

专利申请中的“充分披露”的判断基础

披露是专利制度的最终目的、首要功能和核心问题。在以往学说中,对于"充分披露"的判断基础的认识并不统一,对"充分披露"的判断基础的明确已成为一种必要。从实证角度考察,美国法院判例和《专利审查程序指南》以及《欧洲专利局审查指南》已对发明的披露的判断基础进行了明确,另外,正在谈判中的《实体专利法条约》也企图对"充分披露"的判断基础进行协调。我国有必要明确专利申请中的"充分披露"的判断基础,首先可以在《专利审查指南》中明确"充分披露"的判断基础包括说明书、权利要求书及附图,待条件成熟时将之上升为行政法规或法律中的规定,这也是顺应实体专利法的国际协调趋势。     

Comment on “The Law of Large Demand for Information”

Say that one information structure is eventually Blackwell sufficient for another if, for every large enough n, an n‐sample from the first is Blackwell sufficient (Blackwell (1951, 1954)) for an n‐sample from the second. This note shows that eventual Blackwell sufficiency lies strictly between (one‐shot) Blackwell sufficiency and the ordering of information structures formulated by Moscarini and Smith (2002), and thus offers a new criterion for comparing experiments. A characterization of eventual Blackwell sufficiency in terms of the one‐shot experiments remains an open question.     

吴语“Vv＋A”韵律结构分析

吴语中,完全重叠的动词附带单个形容词作补语可组成＂Vv＋A＂结构。它与＂V＋Ap＂（含＂V＋AABB＂式）同属现代汉语动补结构＂动＋形＂的分支类别,具有显著的韵律标记和韵律支点。比较而言,＂Vv＋A＂与基本式＂V＋Ap＂在语用上有着明显的差异,有标记的韵律结构适用的语境受到一定程度的限制。     

Robustness and maximum likelihood estimation

The usual concept of robustness is called "criterion" or "non-adaptive" robustness to distinguish it from "inference" or "adaptive" robustness. The former term is appled to describe relative insensitivity to changes in the parent distribution, while the latter specifically implies dependence on and hence adaptation to changes in the parent distribution. It is argued that knowledge of, and sensitivity to the parent distribution is an important aspect of inference, and thus the latter concept of robustness is more relevant than the former. This focuses attention on adaptive procedures that use most of the sample information, that is, are efficient. Maximum likelihood has been criticized as depending critically on knowledge of the exact parent distribution, and hence of lacking criterion or non-adaptive robustness. This might have been justified when computational parameter to allow for uncertainly of shape. then the method of maximim likelihood is hsown to possess the more important requirement of being adaptive and efficent, capable of assessing the more relevant creiterion of inference or adaptive robustness.     

On Quadratic Forms of Multivariate t Distribution with Applications

This note mainly aims to illustrate that some quadratic problems are robust in a sense with respect to the probabilistic distributions involved. The secondary moments of the quadratic forms of a multivariate t distribution are calculated. Then, the resulting formulae are applied to the quadratic problems of quadratic sufficiency and quadratic prediction. It is shown by revisiting the two problems that the same conclusions hold when the multivariate normal distribution is replaced with a multivariate t distribution.     

Optimal testing for fixed effects in general balanced mixed classification models

Tests for linear hypotheses about fixed effects in general balanced normal mixed classification models are considered. In complete families similar ANOVA tests are shown to be uniformly most powerful invariant unbiased. In the general case unbiased tests of BABTLETT-Scheffé type are developed and some properties are discussed.