Why does onlyAthalia Japonica enter summer diapause among three sympatricAthalia sawflies feeding on crucifers?

Summary This report assesses the primary factor for the evolution of summer diapause of the three species of sawfly,Athalia japonica, A. rosae andA. infumata that feed on cruciferous plants and coexist in the same area.A. japonica has two discrete spring and autumn generations, butA. rosae andA. infumata 5–6 generations. OnlyA. japonica enters summer diapause in response to the long daylengths in spring. Although these three sawflies usually feed on the same cultivated crucifers, they differ markedly in the utilization of wild crucifers. They oviposit only on young leaves.A. japonica mainly usesCardamine plants which sprout in spring and autumn.A. rosae andA. infumata primarily use hosts with new leaves all the year round, i.e. cultivated crucifers andRorippa indica, respectively. The thermal threshold for development is lower inA. japonica than in the other two species. The low heat tolerance ofA. japonica is adapted only to cool shady habitats whereCardamine grows. Presumably, summer diapause ofA. japonica is adaptation to the deterioration of the primary host plants rather than unfavorable climatic conditions. This interpretation is supported by the movement patterns of the threeAthalia sawflies, alternative means to escape from deteriorated habitat conditions.     

仿人智能控制器的模糊自整定

仿人智能控制器（ＨＳＩＣ）是一类实时鲁棒的智能控制器，被成功用于不少工业过程，但在实际应用中，控制器参数的整定仍然依靠专家来进行，考虑到ＨＳＩＣ控制器参数与系统闭环响应过程特征参数之间的模糊关系，本文提出了一类基于模糊推理的参数自整定方法并用于温度对象的控制中，表明该方法是有效的。     

FPK法在集总参数系统随机温度研究中的应用

应用FPK法研究了集总参数系统在对流和辐射环境下温度随机变化的规律。设激励是均值为0的白噪声且系统参数为常量，在与环境对流换热时，系统随机温度的均值不变，方差与系统时间常数的平方根成反比；在与环境辐射换热时，系统随机温度一般不呈正态分布，其中均值，均方值还与系统确定性温度有关，由此可知，当存在随机激励时，用有热惯性的测温系统精确测定动态温度是不可能的。     

信用衍生品对金融稳定性的影响及政策建议

信用衍生品在转移银行业信用风险的同时,又会通过各种途径对金融体系的稳定性造成一定程度的负面影响,本文主要研究信用衍生品对金融体系稳定性的负面影响并提出相应的政策建议。     

电磁-温度耦合条件下推力磁轴承涡流损耗分析

针对一类以实心推力盘为主要热源的电磁轴承转子系统，研究了电磁-温度耦合条件下从线圈加电到稳定运行整个过程中的电磁场，给出了电磁场涡流损耗的解析计算方法．通过将实例的计算结果与有限元方法及实验结果对比表明，采用该解析计算方法可简单、快捷及准确地解决系统初步设计时的参数选定问题．     

能源电力衍生品的设计、定价及风险管理

在对国外电力现货市场分析的基础上,根据能源电力的发、输、配、售4个环节讨论了电力金融衍生品的几个重要应用。进一步对电力价格的运动模型做了总结和回顾,并对电力金融衍生品的定价方法做了评论。对此的分析和评论有助于业界管理电力市场所带来风险以及研究者理解电力衍生品的设计、定价和风险管理。     

A 14-h night-shift in the control room of a fire brigade

All 29 operators in the control room of a fire brigade performed test sessions during work and leisure time at 2-h intervals on a day with a 14-h night-shift, a day off and a day with a 10-h morning shift. The test sessions consisted of a visual search choice reaction time test and two Sternberg memory search tests (1 or 5 letters had to be memorized). Furthermore, the operators recorded their oral temperature and their subjective alertness before each test session. The subject also kept a diary of work and sleep times for 14 days. The circadian rhythm of body temperature was hardly changed by a single night-shift. Parallel to the body temperature, the subjective alertness fell significantly during the night-shift reaching a minimum value at 06:00 h. The mean reaction times increased non-significantly at the end of the night-shift and the results of the two Sternberg memory search tests showed no significant trends. The sleep of the operators after the night-shift was on average reduced to 5 hs 34 min. The results of subjective rating of alertness and reaction time test are interpreted as effects of the combined influences of circadian rhythmicity, sleep loss and time on professional task. Most results support the conclusion that a 14-h night-shift without extensive breaks is not acceptable.     

某地下车库工程裂缝分析与处理

某地下车库工程出现裂缝,通过对裂缝产生原因的分析,提出裂缝处理措施,为今后解决此类裂缝问题提供一定的参考.     

对流换热条件下微钢管壁面轴向导热的实验研究

以蒸馏水和氮气为工质,流过内径为168μm外径为406μm的不锈钢微管.通过直接通电法对微钢管进行加热,并采用红外成像仪及专用放大镜头来测量微钢管外壁的温度场,获得了在雷诺数恒定、不同加热功率下微钢管外壁面温度场分布.经过图像处理及修正后,得到较为精确的沿壁面的温度分布,进而求得微管沿壁面的导热量.实验结果表明,对于液体流动的微管对流换热,计算管壁的表观换热系数时可以忽略管壁轴向导热的影响.而对于微钢管的气体流动换热,在自然对流边界条件下,管壁轴向导热量与总加热量之比达到2.1%.     

板栗干枯病的低温防治初探

在冬季低温条件下,用40%腐烂敌80倍液及其它药剂对板栗干枯病进行病部涂抹防治,用白色塑料薄膜包严。调查不同处理时期的防治效果发现,以11月22日腐烂敌处理效果最佳,病部复发率最低(为零),为板栗干枯病的有效防治提供了科学依据。