莫泊桑短篇小说中的第一人称叙述

莫泊桑的短篇小说堪称一绝,在叙事上独具特色。与其他现实主义作家不同,莫泊桑喜欢采用第一人称叙述,他笔下的叙述者"我"并非都是全知全能,大部分叙述者权利有限。更为独特的是,他在这类作品中首创的叙述分层的手法,使得人物成一种对话关系。他对叙述者权利的限制使得作品意义留有空白。叙述语调的中立要求读者积极参与作品意义的建构,这极大增强了短篇小说的可读性,也使他的作品带有现代主义的气息。     

学习贯彻十六大精神,推进“两课”教育教学的创新

学习贯彻十六大精神,推进“两课”教育教学的创新@赵书爱$华北水利水电学院人文社科部!河南郑州450011     

家庭档案及其教育功能探析

家庭档案在人们社会生活中的重要作用日益凸显;就教育功能而言,突出地表现在家庭档案可以提供德智体、美育、心育等方面的教育内容;同时,家庭档案也是一种积极有效的教育手段:能促进自主学习与自我教育,有利于家庭积极参与社区教育和社会主义精神文明建设;能促进学校的教育教学工作,有利于家教合作。档案部门、家庭、学校等有关方面应积极协作,加强宣传力度,加强公众的档案意识,向公众提供建设家庭档案的业务指导,加强家庭档案的建设,以充分发挥其教育功能。     

家族企业未来发展趋势的理论探析

家族企业由注重情感的家族和追求业绩的企业组成,它必定与其他企业存在差异.在对克林·盖尔西克等人相关理论研究的基础上,提出了新三环模式和新三极发展模式,并以此作为分析工具对家族企业发展演变过程进行全面、系统的理论探析,认为家族企业的未来发展必然走向泛家族化或社会化、公众化.     

Poverty and social trends in Russia

The article describes the socioeconomic situation of the Russian population and its dynamics in 1992. The analysis is based on series of regional sociological surveys led by the All-Russian Living Standards Research Center and on official Russian statistical data. The basic unit of analysis is the family, and hence family typology approbated both in research and in practical social work is introduced. Besides describing and discussing the growing poverty tendencies in contemporary Russia, the article also contains methodological recommendations for social policy bodies and social workers on the strategy of work in social maintenance and social support of the least secure population strata.     

Employment and filial relations: Is there a conflict?

Since children, particularly daughters, are among the most important sources of help and support for older Americans, it has been suggested that women's increasing employment will affect filial relations. Empirical evidence on this issue is inconsistent, in part due to the use of nonprobability samples. Few studies have measured effects for men. We attempt to broaden the scope of this question beyond help to the frail elderly by asking whether employment affects filial relations in general. We examine effects of hours employed on telephone contact, visiting, feelings of closeness, filial attitudes, and assistance to biological parents, for an area probability sample of men and women over 40. There are no effects of employment for men or women on contact, closeness, or assistance. For the vast majority of this population sample, contact and assistance involve few hours per week, and thus do not seem to conflict with employment.     

A modified false discovery rate multiple-comparisons procedure for discrete data, applied to human immunodeficiency virus genetics

Summary.  To help to design vaccines for acquired immune deficiency syndrome that protect broadly against many genetic variants of the human immunodeficiency virus, the mutation rates at 118 positions in HIV amino-acid sequences of subtype C versus those of subtype B were compared. The false discovery rate (FDR) multiple-comparisons procedure can be used to determine statistical significance. When the test statistics have discrete distributions, the FDR procedure can be made more powerful by a simple modification. The paper develops a modified FDR procedure for discrete data and applies it to the human immunodeficiency virus data. The new procedure detects 15 positions with significantly different mutation rates compared with 11 that are detected by the original FDR method. Simulations delineate conditions under which the modified FDR procedure confers large gains in power over the original technique. In general FDR adjustment methods can be improved for discrete data by incorporating the modification proposed.     

Work/Care Regimes: Institutions,Culture and Behaviour and the Australian Case

Increasingly around the industrialized world, labour markets rely upon the paid work of women, many of whom have dependents. Such changing patterns of paid work by women — and by men — are located within work/care regimes that are more or less hostile to the needs of paid workers who care for others. This article sets out a model of work/care regimes and locates the Australian case within international and historical contexts. In Australia, the unchanging normative male worker archetype dominates institutions of work and care, while the cultures of motherhood and fatherhood remain stoically resistant to renovation. In the meantime, the behaviour of working women runs ahead of these unchanging cultures and institutions, creating a policy interest in ‘reconciling’ work and care, but a failure to provide it. The reasons for this failure are outlined.     

Who Gets What From Government? Distributional Consequences of Child‐Care Assistance Policies

Given the fragmented structure of child‐care assistance in the United States, it has been difficult to obtain accurate estimates of which families are assisted, through which mechanisms, and at what level. Making use of survey data from New York City, we analyze the distribution of several forms of public child‐care assistance. Results suggest that about 40% of all families with young children receive some form of child‐care assistance. Considering all forms of assistance, the distribution of child‐care help is targeted in both expected and some unexpected ways. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of U.S. child‐care policies governing access and benefit levels.