论公司控制权争夺的法律对策——基于股东表决权的剖析

对公司控制权的判断标准实质上有主体判断标准和客体判断标准之分。主体判断标准是指公司控制权归属于股东、管理层、债权人等主体。客体判断标准是指通过是否拥有行使公司控制权的基础性权利———表决权,来判断公司控制权的归属,而无需考虑行使表决权的主体是谁。对于公司控制权归属的判断标准应由主体判断标准向客体判断标准转变,因此,表决权也就成为公司控制权争夺的核心。在以表决权为核心的控制权争夺过程中,通过对表决权行使方式的完善,继而规范公司控制权的争夺行为,为控制权争夺的主体创造一个公平的竞争环境。     

中国基层选举中投票行为差异研究

村委会、居委会选举是基层民主的重要内容,而投票行为则是选举中最易测量的重要环节。选取2013年中国综合社会调查数据筛选出的10 904个样本进行分析,探讨不同个人背景变量的样本在基层选举中的投票行为是否存在显著差异,以期为中国基层民主建设提供决策依据。结论认为:不同宗教信仰被试者投票行为得分没有显著性差异; 有党性身份被试者投票行为得分相对较高,如工会会员、中共党员等; 年龄与投票行为得分呈正相关,健康状况和学历与投票行为得分呈负相关。     

股份公司中投票制度的法律规制--以保护中小股东为价值取向

投票权是股东获得各项权利的基础。由于股份公司大股东的控制,中小股东在股份公司投票制度中的权益往往受到侵害。完善股东投票制度,确立累积投票制度,对大股东的表决权进行限制,建立表决排除制度等,有利于从制度层面保护中小股东的权益,进一步树立股东实质平等的理念。     

What is a Vote Worth? A Focused Inquiry to Scaffold Elementary Historical Thinking

Abstract

Meaningful source work is at the heart of social studies learning, but often a tall order for elementary-aged students. In this article, the authors describe the construction and implementation of a fifth grade inquiry on the Suffrage Movement using a focused version of the Inquiry Design Model (IDM) Blueprint. Using source analysis scaffolds coupled with discussion and organizational tasks, students used primary and secondary sources to create complex evidence-based claims showing the intersection between First Amendment rights, civic engagement, and the Suffrage Movement. This focused inquiry supported meaningful application of learning to an informed civic action project.     

More than ideology: perceived unfairness differentiates supporters of a new anti-austerity party from supporters of traditional left-wing parties / Más que ideología: la injusticia percibida diferencia a los simpatizantes de un nuevo partido antiausteridad de los simpatizantes de los partidos tradicionales de izquierda

After the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2008, anti-austerity parties in South Europe have gained prominence and dramatically transformed the political landscape. In Spain, the emergence of PODEMOS, a left-wing, anti-austerity party, has jeopardized the traditional two-party system. However, little is known about the psychological reasons that prompted more than one million Spaniards to vote for a newly created party in its first elections. To fill this gap the present study examines why people intend to vote for PODEMOS as opposed to traditional left-wing parties. We found that in addition to conventional predictors of voting behaviour (ideological orientation and party identification), perceived unfairness — a key variable within the collective action theory — critically influenced the preference for PODEMOS as opposed to traditional left-wing parties. A qualitative analysis of the reasons that participants reported in an open question yielded similar results. These findings suggest that supporting an anti-austerity party might be considered a collective action aimed at promoting social change.     

Evolving Learning: The Changing Effect of Internet Access on Political Knowledge and Engagement (1998–2012)

This study addresses the changing role of Internet usage on the political knowledge and participation gap between individuals of low and high socioeconomic status (SES). Analysis of data collected by the Pew Research Center's Biennial Media Consumption Studies (1998–2012) shows that the percentage of the population that accidentally encounters political information online has risen dramatically. Results show that accidental exposure and SES are positively related to political knowledge, and that accidental exposure reduces the SES knowledge gap. Moreover, accidental exposure appears to be mitigating the SES voting gap at an increasing rate over time.     

Cajoling or coercing: would electoral engineering resolve the young citizen–state disconnect?

The relationships between citizens and their states are undergoing significant stresses across advanced liberal democracies. In Britain, this disconnect is particularly evident amongst young citizens. This article considers whether different electoral engineering methods – designed either to cajole or compel youth to vote – might arrest the decline in their political engagement. Data collected in 2011 from a national survey of 1025 British 18-year-olds and from focus groups involving 86 young people reveal that many young people claim that they would be more likely to vote in future elections if such electoral reforms were implemented. However, it is questionable whether or not such increased electoral participation would mean that they would feel truly connected to the democratic process. In particular, forcing young people to vote through the introduction of compulsory voting may actually serve to reinforce deepening resentments, rather than engage them in a positive manner.     

Differences in registering and voting between native-born and naturalized Americans

Relatively little is known about the differences in voting behavior between immigrantsand native-born Americans, primarily due to a lack of good quality data on the national level. Using data from the Voting and Registration Supplement to the November 1996 Current Population Survey (CPS), we examine whether variables known to affect electoral participation among the citizen population are also important among naturalized citizens. We find that naturalized citizens are less likely to register and to vote than native-born citizens, net of other factors. Citizens born abroad in Europe, Latin America, and Asia are less likely to register and those born abroad in Europe and Asia are less likely to vote than those born in the U.S. Among naturalized citizens, region of origin does not remain a major explanatory variable once time in the U.S. is considered.     

法律环境、金字塔结构与家族企业的“掏空”行为

我国家族上市公司的最终控制人多数采用金字塔结构实现对上市公司的超额控制,现金流量权和控制权的分离程度较为严重。以2002-2004年家族上市公司为研究样本,论文实证考察了家族上市公司所处地区的法律环境及金字塔结构与"掏空"行为之间的关系。研究结果表明,控制性家族"掏空"上市公司的概率与其拥有的现金流量权显著负相关,与现金流量权和控制权的分离程度正相关;同时,较高的法治水平能够有效地遏制控制性家族的"掏空"行为。因此,建立一个有效的股东权利保护机制,同时完善家族上市公司的现金流量权和控制权结构,对于推进公司治理具有重要意义。     

对我国累积投票制度的反思——兼评《公司法》第106条之规定

新《公司法》第106条增加了累积投票制的规定,本文立足于该制度之立法宗旨和运作原理的基础上,通过对我国股权结构的特殊性、股东投票权行使过程中的经济抉择以及我国上市公司的具体实践效果的分析,指出累积投票制在维护中小股东权益、实现股东平等方面的内在缺陷及实际运行中的不足。