当前世界危机在《资本论》（1868）和《帝国主义论》（1917）中的阐释

关于本次世界经济危机,马克思主义经济学家认为原因有二：一是认为这场危机是“新自由主义的失败”;二是将其当作由生产过剩引发的资本主义循环性危机去理解。但是,观点二并没有解释这场经济危机为何成为了“百年不遇”的事件;而观点一也没有解释自由主义的失败是资本主义的失败。笔者认为,新自由主义是资本主义衰落的必然结果,所以,新自由主义的失败就是资本主义的失败。为此,对上述两种观点进行了否定,认为这次危机的本质是发达资本主义国家不想适应“零增长”的新的经济社会制度。另外,反对金融资本主义,认为应该重视马克思的生产性劳动理论。     

文艺价值的时空形态

形态研究是文艺价值研究实现新的突破的有效途径 ,时空形态是文艺价值实现的基本形态之一。历史地看 ,人类文艺史上出现过四种最基本的时空价值评价形态 ,即原始文艺的零时空形态、轴心时代的时空一体形态、古典文艺时的时间一维形态和当代文艺的时空相换形态。价值评价形态的嬗变也是研究文艺发展史的一个崭新视角     

The Revitalization of Community Practice: Characteristics,Competencies, and Curricula for Community-Based Services

Abstract

A recent move toward community-based services on the part of direct service agencies presents a major opportunity for the revitalization of community practice. Driven by funding from major philanthropic foundations and also by recent changes in federal entitlement legislation, these efforts at system reform are designed to make services for vulnerable populations more effective, accessible, integrated, and comprehensive in the context of the local community. Although this service reorganization requires the type of methods typically found in community practice, direct service workers employed in these agencies usually have not been trained in community work. To begin to address this concern, this article uses a computerized word search to review the community practice and community organization literature. A working definition of “community-based” practice is developed. The extensive literature review yields six characteristics of community-based service delivery: (1) neighborhood-based and family-focused; (2) strengths- and empowerment-oriented; (3) cultural sensitivity and multi-cultural competency; (4) comprehensive services; (5) access to integrated services and supports; and (6) teamwork and leadership skills. The article reviews what scholars have recommended in each of these areas as a way of understanding the characteristics of community-based service delivery and the skills needed by direct practitioners working in community-based programs. The article summarizes innovative curricula and specific courses which demonstrate ways of teaching community skills to direct practice workers. Future work for community practice scholars and educators is recommended.     

Locative Mobile Social Networks: Mapping Communication and Location in Urban Spaces

Abstract

This study conceptualizes the new spatial logic created by the social use of location aware mobile technologies, analyzing how mobile communities are formed by the mapping of social networks in urban spaces. It explores two main areas with the goal of understanding how locative mobile social networks (LMSNs) challenge the traditional logic of networks. First, it conceptualizes LMSNs by comparing them to (1) traditional transportation and communication networks, and (2) mobile social networks (MSNs). Second, the paper discusses potential social implications of LMSNs, such as privacy, surveillance, and social exclusion.     

基于随机权重多目标遗传算法的多目标动态单元构建方法

考虑多变的市场需求环境下单元生产系统在多个计划期具有多个目标的动态构建决策问题。通过对单元生产构建过程中的总费用、设备负载与能力之间最大偏差以及零部件跨单元移动的总次数3个目标进行权衡,建立了非线性多目标动态单元构建的数学模型。采用自适应小生境技术、惩罚技术、双轮盘赌法和精华选择策略,提出了基于精华保留策略的随机权重多目标遗传算法求解该组合优化问题。结合实例对模型和算法进行了仿真分析,结果显示了算法对解决多目标动态单元构建问题的有效性。     

自体角膜缘干细胞移植联合丝裂霉C、逆行性翼状胬肉切除术的疗效观察

目的探讨逆行性翼状胬肉切除、自体角膜缘干细胞移植联合丝裂霉素C治疗翼状胬肉的临床效果和安全性。方法选取69例（76眼）翼状胬肉患者，采用逆行性翼状胬肉切除、自体角膜缘干细胞移植联合丝裂霉素C进行治疗然后进行随访观察。结果所有患者均接受了10—13．5月（平均12月）以上的随访，有3例患者复发，没有发现任何并发症。结论逆行性翼状胬肉切除、自体角膜缘干细胞移植联合丝裂霉素C治疗翼状胬肉是一种简便、安全有效的治疗方法。     

细胞信号传导理论的建立及其启示

细胞信号传导理论的提出 ,极大地深化了以往对细胞生物学的认识。该理论在形成和发展的过程中 ,移植嫁接了信息科学的新原理和新方法 ,促进了人类对复杂的生命系统的研究和了解 ,同时这种移植嫁接使生命现象及其规律的研究反过来为生物电子学及生物信息学的进一步发展奠定了良好的基础 ,加速了生物电子学和生物信息学时代的到来     

Risk Assessment of Nongenotoxic Carcinogens Based upon Cell Proliferation/Death Rates in Rodents

Increased cell proliferation increases the opportunity for transformations of normal cells to malignant cells via intermediate cells. Nongenotoxic cytotoxic carcinogens that increase cell proliferation rates to replace necrotic cells are likely to have a threshold dose for cytotoxicity below which necrosis and hence, carcinogenesis do not occur. Thus, low dose cancer risk estimates based upon nonthreshold, linear extrapolation are inappropriate for this situation. However, a threshold dose is questionable if a nongenotoxic carcinogen acts via a cell receptor. Also, a nongenotoxic carcinogen that increases the cell proliferation rate, via the cell division rate and/or cell removal rate by apoptosis, by augmenting an existing endogenous mechanism is not likely to have a threshold dose. Whether or not a threshold dose exists for nongenotoxic carcinogens, it is of interest to study the relationship between lifetime tumor incidence and the cell proliferation rate. The Moolgavkar–Venzon–Knudson biologically based stochastic two-stage clonal expansion model is used to describe a carcinogenic process. Because the variability in cell proliferation rates among animals often makes it impossible to detect changes of less than 20% in the rate, it is shown that small changes in the cell proliferation rate, that may be obscured by the background noise in rates, can produce large changes in the lifetime tumor incidence as calculated from the Moolgavkar–Venzon–Knudson model. That is, dose response curves for cell proliferation and tumor incidence do not necessarily mimic each other. This makes the use of no observed effect levels (NOELs) for cell proliferation rates often inadmissible for establishing acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of nongenotoxic carcinogens. In those cases where low dose linearity is not likely, a potential alternative to a NOEL is a benchmark dose corresponding to a small increase in the cell proliferation rate, e. g., 1%, to which appropriate safety (uncertainty) factors can be applied to arrive at an ADI.     

Reinforcement‐based vs. Belief‐based Learning Models in Experimental Asymmetric‐information Games

This paper examines the abilities of learning models to describe subject behavior in experiments. A new experiment involving multistage asymmetric‐information games is conducted, and the experimental data are compared with the predictions of Nash equilibrium and two types of learning model: a reinforcement‐based model similar to that used by Roth and Erev (1995), and belief‐based models similar to the ‘cautious fictitious play’ of Fudenberg and Levine (1995, 1998) These models make predictions that are qualitatively similar cycling around the Nash equilibrium that is much more apparent than movement toward it. While subject behavior is not adequately described by Nash equilibrium, it is consistent with the qualitative predictions of the learning models. We examine several criteria for quantitatively comparing the predictions of alternative models. According to almost all of these criteria, both types of learning model outperform Nash equilibrium. According to some criteria, the reinforcement‐based model performs better than any version of the belief‐based model; according to others, there exist versions of the belief‐based model that outperform the reinforcement‐based model. The abilities of these models are further tested with respect to the results of other published experiments. The relative performance of the two learning models depends on the experiment, and varies according to which criterion of success is used. Again, both models perform better than equilibrium in most cases.     

A generalized Bayesian nonlinear mixed‐effects regression model for zero‐inflated longitudinal count data in tuberculosis trials

In this paper, we investigate Bayesian generalized nonlinear mixed‐effects (NLME) regression models for zero‐inflated longitudinal count data. The methodology is motivated by and applied to colony forming unit (CFU) counts in extended bactericidal activity tuberculosis (TB) trials. Furthermore, for model comparisons, we present a generalized method for calculating the marginal likelihoods required to determine Bayes factors. A simulation study shows that the proposed zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model has good accuracy, precision, and credibility interval coverage. In contrast, conventional normal NLME regression models applied to log‐transformed count data, which handle zero counts as left censored values, may yield credibility intervals that undercover the true bactericidal activity of anti‐TB drugs. We therefore recommend that zero‐inflated NLME regression models should be fitted to CFU count on the original scale, as an alternative to conventional normal NLME regression models on the logarithmic scale.