关于中国封建经济结构

中国封建社会虽说是一种农业经济、自然经济,但商品经济却是它不可或缺的润滑剂、催化剂和动力。中国封建社会生产力的基础和主干是个体小生产农业,它要求土地与劳动力的紧密结合,自耕农便成为这种结合的最好形式,能够取得最大的经济效益,而地主土地所有制是以经济的手段与劳动者结合,也能取得较好的经济效益。在农业基础之上的是手工业和商业。城市和货币是中国经济结构涉及的两个特点,而凌驾于这一切之上的,是封建国家对经济的强大的控制与干预。     

Marital disruption and economic well-being: a comparative analysis

Summary.  Though there is a considerable literature concerned with the economic consequences of marital breakdown, there is still substantial disagreement in terms of its magnitude. One of the major problems underlying this debate is how economic well-being is defined. We implement several measures of well-being of monetary and multidimensional nature by using data from the European Community Household Panel. Another issue in this literature concerns selection bias of divorcing couples. We tackle this issue by using a propensity score matching technique combined with a difference-in-differences estimator. Results confirm the importance of the definition of well-being. We find a strong gender bias when using monetary measures but a considerably lower bias, and for some countries non-existent, when using non-monetary indices.     

Adjusted Estimates of the Size Distribution of Family Money Income

This article describes the effects on estimates of the size distribution of family-unit money income produced by adjusting CPS estimates for 1972 by adding several other data sources. Income estimates were adjusted on an individual-observation basis to make them consistent with independent control totals. As a result of these adjustments, mean income for all units rose 12 percent. The relative share of the top 5 percent increased substantially. Property income increased and wage income decreased in relative importance. The adjustment to mean income was largest for the oldest age group and smallest for the youngest age group.     

Estimation of long-run inefficiency levels: a dynamic frontier approach

Cornwell, Schmidt, and Sickles (1990) and Kumbhakar (1990), among others, developed stochasticfrontier production models which allow firm specific inefficiency levels to change over time. These studies assumed arbitrary restrictions on the short-run dynamics of efficiency levels which have little theoretical justification. Further, the models are inappropriate for estimation of long-run efficiencies. We consider estimation of an alternative frontier model in which firmspecific technical inefficiency levels are autoregressive. This model is particularly useful to examine a potential dynamic link between technical innovations and production inefficiency levels. We apply our methodology to a panel of US airlines.     

GMM Estimation with persistent panel data: an application to production functions

This paper considers the estimation of Cobb-Douglas production functions using panel data covering a large sample of companies observed for a small number of time periods. GMM estimatorshave been found to produce large finite-sample biases when using the standard first-differenced estimator. These biases can be dramatically reduced by exploiting reasonable stationarity restrictions on the initial conditions process. Using data for a panel of R&Dperforming US manufacturing companies we find that the additional instruments used in our extended GMM estimator yield much more reasonable parameter estimates.     

实现农业规模经营的几点思考

"十五"计划以提高人民生活水平为根本出发点.其中,农民生活水平的提高依赖于农民收入的增加,而实现农业规模经营是提高农业生产效益、增加农民收入的重要途径.促进土地使用权有序流动、加快农村城镇化进程、实现农业企业化发展则是推动农业规模经营的重要前提和举措.     

利用生产方式进行税收筹划的探讨

产品生产是企业经营活动的主要环节。作为现代企业主要的生产方式,委托加工与自行生产由于计税依据上的差异,使得两种生产方式对应税消费品生产企业的成本、税负等各个方面产生不同影响,从而为企业利用生产方式进行税收筹划提供了空间。企业在利用生产方式进行税收筹划时,应注意加工费、受托方、原材料提供方式以及加工程度等因素对筹划的影响。     

我国各民族交往交流交融的空间生产与实践路径

各民族交往交流交融是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的路径选择。民族社会结构的存在和发展为各民族交往交流交融提供了可实现的行动空间及空间生产基础,运用空间生产理论对民族交往交流交融的空间生产与空间结构进行分析,即各民族交往的物质空间生产是基于共同利益与互惠发展的经济交往、各民族交流的符号空间生产是注重共有价值和情感寄托的文化交流、各民族交融的精神空间生产是强调生活互嵌和共生体验的精神交融。基于此,加强各民族交往交流交融的实践路径应是推动民族地区经济交往,构建以平衡互惠为原则的多民族经济圈;促进民族乡土文化交流,发展以情感共鸣为重心的乡村文化中心;深化各族群众生活交融,规划以结构互嵌为内核的社区公共空间。通过上述路径,达成铸牢中华民族共同体意识的根本目标。     

农村劳动力的非农化是增加农民收入的根本出路

我国是个发展中农业大国,有9亿农民,"三农"问题一直是困扰我国经济发展的根本问题和难题,而"三农"问题的核心是农民增收问题。新时期解决农民增收问题要有新思路,单靠调整种植结构只能局部性改善农业问题,靠农业本身挖掘潜力不再是最有效的办法,最有效的途径是加速农村劳动力的非农化进程,扩大农民的非农就业。全面奔小康,重点在农村,核心是增加农民收入。确保农民持续稳定增加收入是促进国民经济持续、快速、健康发展和全面实现小康社会的奋斗目标的迫切要求,是党和政府在农业和农村工作中实践"三个代表"重要思想的具体体现。     

论英语中的主位推进模式与语篇的生成

文章根据功能语言学的主述位理论和当代语言学家对主位推进模式的分析,总结出英语中主位推进的4种模式,分析了主位推进模式在语篇生成中所起的作用及其在英语写作教学中的应用。