Complex belief-desire reasoning in children

Previous research concerned with children's belief-desire psychology has examined the capacity to predict or interpret action on the basis of the implicit proposition that ‘when an actor desires a particular end and believes that a particular action will achieve that end, he or she will undertake that action’. The limitations of this formulation for understanding acts of omission are outlined and an elaborated version of belief-desire psychology introduced. This version holds that ‘when an actor desires a particular end and believes that a particular action will achieve that end, and when it is believed that there are no co-occurring outcomes of that action whose avoidance is desired more highly than is the originally conceived end, then the actor will undertake the action which will satisfy the original desire’. An experiment is reported which examines 4-, 5, and 7-year-olds' ability to predict story characters' actions on the basis of either their true or false beliefs concerning undesirable outcomes associated with the pursuit of a desired end. Children of all age-groups provided evidence of understanding the elaborated version of belief-desire psychology. However, a significant improvement was noted between the ages of 4 and 7 years in the ability to understand circumstances involving false beliefs.     

人力资源开发与高校办学定位

教育是人力资源开发的主导形式,高校办学定位直接影响着人才培养的类型和规格。适应科学技术的发展和社会经济增长方式的转变,高校办学定位必须与时俱进,不断调整和革新。在当前和今后相当长一段时间,高师院校必须走“以师为本、综合发展”之路。     

A circular-cone test for testing homogeneity against a simple tree order

Several methods exist for the problem of testing the equality of several treatments against the one-sided alternative that the treatments are better than the control. These methods include Dunnett's test, Bartholomew's likelihood-ratio test, the Abelson-Tukey-Schaafsma-Smid optimal-contrast test, and the multiple-contrast test of Mukerjee, Robertson, and Wright. A new test is proposed based on an approximation of the likelihood-ratio test of Bartholomew. This test involves using a circular cone in place of the alternative-hypothesis cone. The circular-cone test has excellent power characteristics similar to those of Bartholomew's test. Moreover, it has the advantages of being simpler to compute and may be used with unequal sample sizes.     

教育行动研究与在职外语教师的专业发展

教育行动研究作为一种解决现实课堂教学问题的实践方法和特殊的教师教育方法正受到越来越多的国内外教育研究者的关注。它倡导教师即研究者通过对自己课堂中的教学现象进行考察和研究并从中获取知识,改进教学质量。教育行动研究与教师专业发展密切相关。教育行动研究可以改进教学质量,提高教学水平,帮助在职教师重建知识体系,促使教师向专家型教师转化,是在职外语教师专业发展的可行的、有效的途径。     

Identifying and implementing pathways for organizational change – using the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families as a case example

Change within social work organizations is incessant. This has implications for senior managers and elected members who have to manage these changes. The Department of Health has introduced new guidance entitled the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( Department of Health 1999a ). The guidance is based on a number of principles that require an attitudinal shift in terms of assessing ways of safeguarding children and promoting their welfare. This paper describes strategic approaches to the effective introduction of the framework within social services departments and other child welfare organizations. Two models have been adapted from practice: the actual framework for assessing children and their families and the Protchaska and DiClementi model of change. These models complement each other. The adapted Assessment Framework provides a structure to assess the readiness of the organization for the implementation of the new framework. The model of change provides a schema for planning, implementing and reviewing the introduction and operation of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. Although the focus of the paper is the introduction of the new guidance , the models can be utilized by senior managers in any social care organization who are facilitating major changes in the organization.     

婚嫁格局变动与乡村发展——以康村通婚圈为例

农村经济体制改革后 ,康村的婚嫁距离急剧缩短 ,通婚区域快速内卷 ,通婚村减少 ,婚入与婚出出现了地域上的不对称性。形成这一局面的原因主要在于工业化、城镇化进程的不同速度打破了改革前的社会均质状态 ,引起了地区及村落发展的不平衡 ,而农村经营方式的转变和初级市场网络的复兴也对婚嫁格局、通婚距离及流向产生了一定影响。这种婚嫁格局的变动将造成婚入与婚出的失衡 ,危及人口素质的提高、村落的发展和人口结构的地域平衡     

对当前工业设计教学模式的思考

近年来,有些院校在工业设计专业的新教学计划中提出了“课程环”的构想。这样的教学模式试图把先前自成一体的课程有机地融解在数个相对的小系统中,进而形成以课题设计为中心的大系统。而过去的“三段式”教学模式则是以各门独立课程为中心的。在“三段式”教育下,有的学生几乎每门功课都优秀却做不出好设计来,更有甚者不懂设计程序而无法完成完整的设计。这种教学模式存在诸多弊端。     

实现男女平等构建两性和谐发展的社会

男女两性协调发展在构建和谐社会中有十分重要的意义,两性协调发展可促进经济、社会协调发展,有利于人的全面发展,同时女性发展得到重视,有助于从根本上提高民族素质,推动三大文明建设。但实际生活中,实现男女平等、协调发展既面临传统与现实的挑战,又面临经济全球化、城市化、工业化进程带来的机遇。本文在分析这些情况的基础上,提出解决男女协调发展的途径。     

皮亚杰的道德责任发生论及其教育意蕴

皮亚杰首次利用实验方法,从个体心理发展的微观角度,揭示了儿童的道德责任的发生过程和机制。道德责任是个体社会化的产物,经历了由他律的客观责任向自律的主观责任的进化。真正的道德责任产生于协作。皮亚杰的道德责任发生论对道德教育理论与实践的启示是:道德教育必须以自由为基础,充分利用学生的自主活动,才能教会学生负责。     

早期大生纱厂内部治理结构的发展及其特征研究

1895年,张謇在南通创设了中国近代有开拓意义的民族企业——大生纱厂。在大生纱厂早期,其内部的管理体制经历了从典型的集权性运营机制到建立起以股东大会、董事会、查帐员为基本特征的三权分立的公司内部治理结构的发展过程。但大生纱厂内部治理始终表现出很强的时代特征,即体现为张謇个人在企业内部的集权特性。这种集权性也是中国近代民族企业早期发展过程中的一个基本特点。