Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

Breaking the intergenerational transmission of child abuse: Beyond the mother-child relationship

Studies comparing abusive and non-abusive parents who were abused as children are reviewed to determine protective factors that may lead to a break in the transmission pattern. Non-abusers have several factors in common. For instance: they have extensive emotional and social support from significant others. they are aware of what happened to them as children and are openly angry about their abuse. and many of them received (psycho)therapy as adolescents or young adults. Discovering protective factors by which some parents overcome a family pattern of abuse is valuable in guiding both prevention and intervention efforts. A brief discussion of the influence of methodological variations of different studies on reported transmission rates precedes the review. Furthermore. attention is given to the underrepresentation of (abusive) fathers in theory as well as in research on child abuse. The effects of undervaluation of gender differences are discussed in terms of their importance in the occurrence and (breaks in the) transmission of child abuse.     

Efficacy of Statistical Outlier Analysis for Monitoring Quality of Care

Researchers have proposed that hospitals with excessive statistically unexplained mortality rates are more likely to have quality-of-care problems. The U.S. Health Care Financing Administration currently uses this statistical “outlier” approach to screen for poor quality in hospitals. Little is known, however, about the validity of this technique, since direct measures of quality are difficult to obtain. We use Monte Carlo methods to evaluate the performance of the outlier technique as parameters of the true mortality process are varied. Results indicate that the screening ability of the technique may be very sensitive to how widespread quality-related mortality is among hospitals but insensitive to other factors generally thought to be important.     

谈发展中的高校社区医疗保健

就高校医疗保健机构如何适应社会主义市场经济、如何适应国家的卫生体制 3项改革、适应高等教育发展等问题 ,探讨了高校医疗保健的现状及高校社区医疗保健的任务。从社区卫生诊断角度出发 ,研究了高校社区具有的特点 ,提出了健全高校社区医疗保健机构的对策 ,把高校的医疗机构演变成社会化的公益的社区卫生服务机构作为奋斗目标     

《太阳照在桑干河上》与丁玲的创作个性

曾有学者认为《太阳照在桑干河上》是丁玲失去创作个性的产物。本文从不久前公开发表的丁玲一篇佚文入手,联系该长篇小说创作与出版过程中的曲折经历,对其体现的作者创作个性作了较为具体扼要的分析,证明它仍具有丁玲作品一贯的大气和锋芒;并通过相关材料的独家披露,澄清了《桑干河上》何以能获得斯大林文艺奖这一文学史上经常引起猜测和遭致误解的谜团。     

我国居家养老服务体系中政府的职责定位研究

居家养老服务在我国已有10年的发展历史,但无论是实践操作还是学者的研究,对于政府在居家养老服务体系中的定位仍然存在一些误区。文章认为,政府在倡导示范、发布规划、政策扶持、监督评估、整合资源五个方面发挥其作用,全面推动居家养老服务体系建设和发展。     

怎样确定民法上过错程度及其区分标准

新的过错程度区分采取未达到善良管理人的注意这一统一的标准,在过错的统一框架内进行,通过主、客观加重因素依次提高过错程度:行为人仅仅违反交易上必要的注意义务,无其他主、客观加重因素的为一般过失;行为人违反注意义务的行为制造了一种明显且严重的危险,并且行为人对危险结果有高度或然性认识的为重大过失;行为人预见到自己违反注意义务的行为结果必定发生,或者相信自己违反注意义务的行为基本上必定会导致危害结果,仍然希望它发生或者听任它发生的为故意。     

扶贫实践与扶贫文化的提出

扶贫文化产生于扶贫实践 ,作用于扶贫实践。扶贫文化具有文化所有的文化特征 ,有其内部完整层面、亚文化的动态性和边缘性以及多维的亚结构体。扶贫文化对扶贫实践具有十分重要的指导意义     

性别因素与脆弱儿童的长期照顾

性别因素对脆弱儿童的长期照顾的影响主要体现在以下方面:第一,在父死母嫁的情况下,女孩更容易被带入新的家庭,融入新的家庭中,成为其成员;而男孩则更容易被留在原生家庭中,形成与祖父母之间的隔代抚养关系。第二,在收养方面,女孩更容易被收养从而进入正常的家庭环境。以上这些状况的形成与亚洲地区男孩的性别偏好有非常重要的关系,这对于目前的社会福利政策与社会照顾体系提出了新的要求,需要采取一系列的措施与政策。如:通过现有的社会救助体系对祖父母—孙子女的隔代抚养关系给予支持与照顾;充分发挥社区作用,为脆弱儿童提供支持与保护;充分发挥儿童福利院的作用,为脆弱儿童提供专业支持和心理、情感指导,与家庭、社区相结合,共同为脆弱儿童的成长提供支持。     

障碍与突破：推进城乡居民医疗保障制度衔接的若干思考

推进城乡居民医疗保障制度衔接是落实科学发展观、实现城乡统筹的重要举措,也是实现“人人享有基本医疗保障”目标的现实需要。我国城乡医疗保障制度衔接面临着理论研究之政治偏好、公共产品供给的非均衡、制度设计的缺陷性及管理的各方割据性等诸多障碍。克服其障碍,应在研究的导向性、公共产品供给均等化、制度的科学设计及城乡居民医疗保障管理的法制化等方面寻找突破,着力推进城乡医疗保障的有效衔接。