中国近现代法学用语翻译

本文从翻译史的角度阐述了中国近现代法律用词的引进和翻译。我国近现代译学界以日本为中转站，在引进西学的热潮中，把西方近现代法律概念移植到中国，奠定了20世纪中国法学的语言基础。     

Dose‐Response Models Incorporating Aerosol Size Dependency for Francisella tularensis

The effect of bioaerosol size was incorporated into predictive dose‐response models for the effects of inhaled aerosols of Francisella tularensis (the causative agent of tularemia) on rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs with bioaerosol diameters ranging between 1.0 and 24 μm. Aerosol‐size‐dependent models were formulated as modification of the exponential and β‐Poisson dose‐response models and model parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood methods and multiple data sets of quantal dose‐response data for which aerosol sizes of inhaled doses were known. Analysis of F. tularensis dose‐response data was best fit by an exponential dose‐response model with a power function including the particle diameter size substituting for the rate parameter k scaling the applied dose. There were differences in the pathogen's aerosol‐size‐dependence equation and models that better represent the observed dose‐response results than the estimate derived from applying the model developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 1994) that relies on differential regional lung deposition for human particle exposure.     

京师白云观与晚清外交

高仁峒是在晚清道教全真派总本山白云观长期担任过方丈的传奇性人物,与大内权贵太监李莲英等来往甚密,并和俄国驻华公使结交尤深,在晚清政坛曾发挥了举足轻重的作用.本文利用日本外交档案和白云观碑文等史料,对有关高道士行踪的传说故事甄别真伪,还其庐山真面目,并揭露他与俄国、日本密探私人交往之真相,从而展示晚清内政与外交鲜为人知的一个重要侧面.     

“红色”一词在英汉民族语言中的共性和个性

红色是各民族语言中的基本颜色之一。人类对红色有相同的视觉效果,因此红色在不同民族中的感知和反映就具有普遍性。但由于文化、历史、传统以及认识事物的角度不同,英汉民族对红色的内涵、语用和意义等都存在着差异性。     

Development of a Dose‐Response Model for SARS Coronavirus

In order to develop a dose‐response model for SARS coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), the pooled data sets for infection of transgenic mice susceptible to SARS‐CoV and infection of mice with murine hepatitis virus strain 1, which may be a clinically relevant model of SARS, were fit to beta‐Poisson and exponential models with the maximum likelihood method. The exponential model (k= 4.1 × l0²) could describe the dose‐response relationship of the pooled data sets. The beta‐Poisson model did not provide a statistically significant improvement in fit. With the exponential model, the infectivity of SARS‐CoV was calculated and compared with those of other coronaviruses. The does of SARS‐CoV corresponding to 10% and 50% responses (illness) were estimated at 43 and 280 PFU, respectively. Its estimated infectivity was comparable to that of HCoV‐229E, known as an agent of human common cold, and also similar to those of some animal coronaviruses belonging to the same genetic group. Moreover, the exponential model was applied to the analysis of the epidemiological data of SARS outbreak that occurred at an apartment complex in Hong Kong in 2003. The estimated dose of SARS‐CoV for apartment residents during the outbreak, which was back‐calculated from the reported number of cases, ranged from 16 to 160 PFU/person, depending on the floor. The exponential model developed here is the sole dose‐response model for SARS‐CoV at the present and would enable us to understand the possibility for reemergence of SARS.     

城市化进程中失地农民利益受损及其制度分析

随着城市化进程的加快,大量农用土地被不断征用,失地农民的利益严重受损,主要表现有:征地补偿费过低;补偿标准不一,分配混乱;再就业安置困难等。造成这一现象的制度因素在于:现行土地征用制度存在很大缺陷;农民集体土地主体缺位;补偿机制及其标准与市场严重脱节等。因此,改变这一现状的对策应是:明确界定征地补偿费的获益主体;完善征地补偿分配条例;建立健全有关失地农民的社会保障制度等。     

中国城镇贫困群体问题成因探析

中国城镇贫困群体的存在,有着特定的历史和社会背景。总的来讲与社会转型有关。具体来说,主要有计划经济体制的影响;收入分配制度不合理,收入差距过分悬殊;工业化进程中的结构调整;城镇劳动力市场供求失衡;社会保障制度改革滞后等。     

Dose-response assessment for influenza A virus based on data sets of infection with its live attenuated reassortants

Reported data sets on infection of volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza A virus at graded doses are few. Alternatively, we aimed at developing a dose-response assessment for this virus based on the data sets for its live attenuated reassortants. Eleven data sets for live attenuated reassortants that were fit to beta-Poisson and exponential dose-response models. Dose-response relationships for those reassortants were characterized by pooling analysis of the data sets with respect to virus subtype (H1N1 or H3N2), attenuation method (cold-adapted or avian-human gene reassortment), and human age (adults or children). Furthermore, by comparing the above data sets to a limited number of reported data sets for wild-type virus, we quantified the degree of attenuation of wild-type virus with gene reassortment and estimated its infectivity. As a result, dose-response relationships of all reassortants were best described by a beta-Poisson model. Virus subtype and human age were significant factors determining the dose-response relationship, whereas attenuation method affected only the relationship of H1N1 virus infection to adults. The data sets for H3N2 wild-type virus could be pooled with those for its reassortants on the assumption that the gene reassortment attenuates wild-type virus by at least 63 times and most likely 1,070 times. Considering this most likely degree of attenuation, 10% infectious dose of H3N2 wild-type virus for adults was estimated at 18 TCID50 (95% CI = 8.8-35 TCID50). The infectivity of wild-type H1N1 virus remains unknown as the data set pooling was unsuccessful.     

品牌接触点战略管理研究

本文以品牌接触点管理的含义为切入点,从战略层面对品牌接触点管理的层次和路径进行分析,提炼出品牌接触点战略管理的六大要素,构建了基于品牌价值视角的六大战略要素协同的品牌接触点战略管理钻石模型,进而提出品牌接触点战略管理对策。     

Dose‐Response Model of Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular gram‐negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), which only multiplies within the phagolysosomal vacuoles. Q fever may manifest as acute or chronic disease. The acute form is generally not fatal and manifestes as self‐controlled febrile illness. Chronic Q fever is usually characterized by endocarditis. Many animal models, including humans, have been studied for Q fever infection through various exposure routes. The studies considered different endpoints including death for animal models and clinical signs for human infection. In this article, animal experimental data available in the open literature were fit to suitable dose‐response models using maximum likelihood estimation. Research results for tests of severe combined immunodeficient mice inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with C. burnetii were best estimated with the Beta‐Poisson dose‐response model. Similar inoculation (i.p.) trial outcomes conducted on C57BL/6J mice were best fit by an exponential model, whereas those tests run on C57BL/10ScN mice were optimally represented by a Beta‐Poisson dose‐response model.