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Denita Williams Jennifer Castleman Chi-Ching Lee Beth Mote Mary Alice Smith 《Risk analysis》2009,29(11):1495-1505
One‐third of the annual cases of listeriosis in the United States occur during pregnancy and can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth, premature delivery, or infection of the newborn. Previous risk assessments completed by the Food and Drug Administration/the Food Safety Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture/the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (FDA/USDA/CDC)( 1 ) and Food and Agricultural Organization/the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO)( 2 ) were based on dose‐response data from mice. Recent animal studies using nonhuman primates( 3 , 4 ) and guinea pigs( 5 ) have both estimated LD50s of approximately 107 Listeria monocytogenes colony forming units (cfu). The FAO/WHO( 2 ) estimated a human LD50 of 1.9 × 106 cfu based on data from a pregnant woman consuming contaminated soft cheese. We reevaluated risk based on dose‐response curves from pregnant rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs. Using standard risk assessment methodology including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard characterization, and risk characterization, risk was calculated based on the new dose‐response information. To compare models, we looked at mortality rate per serving at predicted doses ranging from 10?4 to 1012 L. monocytogenes cfu. Based on a serving of 106 L. monocytogenes cfu, the primate model predicts a death rate of 5.9 × 10?1 compared to the FDA/USDA/CDC (fig. IV‐12)( 1 ) predicted rate of 1.3 × 10?7. Based on the guinea pig and primate models, the mortality rate calculated by the FDA/USDA/CDC( 1 ) is underestimated for this susceptible population. 相似文献
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Denita?CepikuEmail author Alessandro?Hinna Danila?Scarozza Andrea?Bonomi?Savignon 《Journal of Management and Governance》2017,21(4):963-991
The public sector performance movement has intensified during the past three decades, increasing formalized planning, control and reporting across all OECD countries. Notwithstanding the extant literature on performance management, empirical evidence on how and why performance information is used in day-to-day practice is still rare. Such research is relevant not only to advance theory but also to inform decision makers in designing the conditions that effectively contribute to performance and accountability improvements. We aim to contribute to a better understanding of the effects and determinants of use by considering the characteristics of performance management systems, the characteristics of users and context features. We selected two central government case studies from Italy, a country that has adopted several reforms on performance management since the early 1990s. In order to gain insights from both supply and demand side, for each ministry we interviewed people responsible for the design and functioning of the performance management system and top managers that are supposed to use performance information when taking decisions. Results show the prevalence of passive rather than purposeful use. Motivations and obstacles to the use of performance information are identified, drawing relevant practical and policy implications. 相似文献
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Manes-Rossi Francesca Mussari Riccardo Cepiku Denita 《Journal of Management and Governance》2022,26(2):327-335
Journal of Management and Governance - 相似文献
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