Bayesian variable selection with spherically symmetric priors

We propose that Bayesian variable selection for linear parametrizations with Gaussian iid likelihoods should be based on the spherical symmetry of the diagonalized parameter space. Our r-prior results in closed forms for the evidence for four examples, including the hyper-g prior and the Zellner–Siow prior, which are shown to be special cases. Scenarios of a single-variable dispersion parameter and of fixed dispersion are studied, and asymptotic forms comparable to the traditional information criteria are derived. A simulation exercise shows that model comparison based on our r-prior gives good results comparable to or better than current model comparison schemes.     

Diskussionslinien der Entrepreneurial Marketing-Forschung: Ergebnisse einer Zitationsanalyse

Entrepreneurial Marketing (EM) is a research field that grows dynamically and that seems to be heterogeneous. Heterogeneity of a research field exacerbates the orientation in and the advancement of the field. Therefore, this article strives to inventarize the EM-literature and thereby to identify key discussion lines of EM research.Based on a comprehensive literature analysis, we first outline the history of EM research, and identify core authors and core journal Based on a citation analysis of 199 EM papers with a total of 6,222 references and an ensuing expert evaluation, we identify four key discussion lines: (1) theoretical foundations, (2) entrepreneurship-marketing interface, (3) new venture- and SME-marketing, and (4) EM in the sense of innovative, proactive and risk-oriented marketing. These four discussion lines and the respective literature constitute a framework for the advancement of EM research.     

Segregation, the concentration of poverty, and the life chances of individuals

We outline a theoretical model that identifies residential segregation as a primary structural cause of the geographic concentration of poverty in U.S. urban areas. From this theory we specify and estimate a multilevel equation that links minority poverty and segregation within metropolitan areas to the concentration of socioeconomic deprivation within neighborhoods. We then estimate a second set of multilevel equations that connect neighborhood poverty rates to individual-level outcomes commonly associated with the underclass: male joblessness, teenage motherhood, and single parenthood. Our results link economic and social structures at the metropolitan level to individual outcomes that operate to perpetuate poverty and lead to the creation of the underclass.     

Demographic Conditions Responsible for Population Aging

This article develops and applies two expressions for the rate of change of a population's mean age. In one, aging is shown to be negatively related to contemporary birth rates and death rates. In a general sense, aging occurs when vital rates are too low, as illustrated through applications to the United States, the Netherlands, and Japan. The other expression relates the rate of aging to a population's demographic history, in particular to changes in mortality, migration, and the annual number of births. Applications to the United States and Sweden show that the dominant factor in current aging in these countries is a history of declining mortality. Migration also contributes significantly but in opposite directions in the two countries. The two approaches are integrated after recognizing that the rate of change in the mean age is equal to the covariance between age and age-specific growth rates. A decomposition of this covariance shows that the two seemingly unrelated expressions contain exactly the same information about the age pattern of growth rates.     

Drivers of internationalization success: a conjoint choice experiment on German SME managers

Internationalization is a common growth strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, SMEs face several challenges within the internationalization process. As SMEs are characterized by limited resources, managers are constantly involved in a decision-making process concerning the allocation of the SMEs’ resources. Therefore, internationalization can be understood as a complex, multidimensional decision process. Based on a set of 2244 internationalization decisions made by German SME managers, the present study examines how eight strategic and structural factors drive the perceived international success of SMEs. When applying conjoint choice analysis, the results suggest that especially equity financing in the internationalization process, an appropriate market selection as well as proactive motives, and a long-term scope can drive SMEs’ international success. Moreover, it becomes evident that strategic factors are more relevant for successful internationalization than structural factors.     

商务社交法则

你知道有一种人：他们惹人厌烦地大笑，声调咄咄逼人，而且有本事在行业会议中把你堵住，没完没了地谈论他们自己长达数小时；他们显然并无恶意，但是他们的礼仪不周会让你满心希望自己没有到场。这里有一个友善的建议：别做那样的人。社会交往是至关重要的一环，同时也可能是最容易出错的一环。     

Unleashing and Combining the Wisdom: Rapid,Whole-Systems Change in Public Organizations

This article describes an approach called Whole-Scale Change, a large group process that appears to have helped others achieve dramatic, sustainable results in their organization or communities. It describes the possibilities for applying the predictable processes and the critical elements of Whole-Scale Change to achieve rapid, whole-system solutions in todays complex environment of public organizations.