Creating a Crisis:German Mass Media andOil Supply in 1973-74

In the winter of 1973-74, the German Federal Republic importedmore oil than in any other year before or since. Nevertheless,the mass media were warning that an energy crisis might occur.Thereupon the population became nervous andbought more crudeoil products than ever before. As a consequence, short-termdifficulties of supply from industrial producers seemed to confirmthe warnings.     

THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF A NEW VOTING GAP MARITAL DIFFERENCES IN AMERICAN VOTING

There is now a marriage gap in presidential voting in the UnitedStates, with married people voting about 10%–15% moreRepublican than unmarried people. This voting difference developedin the 1972 election, and it is also evident in party identification.The proportion of unmarried people has doubled since 1964, sothis cleavage is important. The gap can be explained statisticallyin terms of race and income, but still may give politiciansthe opportunity to gain votes by appealing to voters on thebasis of family issues.     

Choosing Priors for Constrained Analysis of Variance: Methods Based on Training Data

Abstract. This article combines the best of both objective and subjective Bayesian inference in specifying priors for inequality and equality constrained analysis of variance models. Objectivity can be found in the use of training data to specify a prior distribution, subjectivity can be found in restrictions on the prior to formulate models. The aim of this article is to find the best model in a set of models specified using inequality and equality constraints on the model parameters. For the evaluation of the models an encompassing prior approach is used. The advantage of this approach is that only a prior for the unconstrained encompassing model needs to be specified. The priors for all constrained models can be derived from this encompassing prior. Different choices for this encompassing prior will be considered and evaluated.     

A THREE-PHASE APPROACH TO INSTILLING A CONTINUOUS LEARNING CULTURE IN MANUFACTURING EDUCATION AND TRAINING

We describe a “learn-by-doing” approach that involves the following three phases designed in part to integrate management and engineering curricula and instill a continuous learning philosophy: (1) involve cross-functional teams as “process and business owners” in a replica of a real-life manufacturing/design problem (Do), (2) require teams to not only learn by doing but to then apply or implement what they have learned in phase 1 (Apply), and (3) share best practices and knowledge gained with subsequent participants (Document). These last two phases are essential and potentially the most valuable but are often ignored in the learning process. They can be accomplished either manually or through the use of an electronic bookshelf (e.g., company or school intranet), which is a database system used to collect and store templates of best practices, collective wisdom, and related information associated with learning and operational activities. We describe two of several educational packages we have developed and discuss their impact on our teaching, our students, and practitioners.     

Social Work with Failure-to-Thrive Children and their Families: Part I: Psychosocial Factors

Summary The problem failure-to-thrive is described and a brief reviewof the main causal theories is provided. Part I of this studydetails an investigation of psychosocial factors associatedwith non-organic failure-to-thrive in 17 children (comparingthem with two contrast groups). There were significant differences between the groups (interalia) in the adverse temperamental attributes of the index children,problems in the mother's feeding of their children and otheraspects of their interactions and relationships. The mothersshowed no specific psychopathology but were socially disadvantagedin various ways. The implications of these findings—preventiveand therapeutic—are discussed.     

Ideology and American Political Elites

This paper presents evidence that American political elitesthink and behave in an ideological way. Factor analyses of individualquestionnaire items drawn from elite studies in 1958 and 1972show only marginal evidence of the type of structuring impliedby the concept of ideology. However, similar analyses of a priori,multi-item scales constructed from the 1972 surveys clearlyshow evidence of structure for the elite sample, particularlyas compared to a parallel mass sample; this raises serious questionsabout the use of single item scales in past analyses of politicalideology. Further evidence of elite ideology is found in ananalysis of interest group ratings of U.S. Representatives in1970 and 1974. These findings provide strong support for theargument that ideology plays an important role in the perceptionsand behavior of American political elites.