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1.
From the inception of the proportional representation movement it has been an issue whether larger parties are favored at
the expense of smaller parties in one apportionment of seats as compared to another apportionment. A number of methods have
been proposed and are used in countries with a proportional representation system. These apportionment methods exhibit a regularity
of order, as discussed in the present paper, that captures the preferential treatment of larger versus smaller parties. This
order, namely majorization, permits the comparison of seat allocations in two apportionments. For divisor methods, we show
that one method is majorized by another method if and only if their signpost ratios are increasing. This criterion is satisfied
for the divisor methods with power-mean rounding, and for the divisor methods with stationary rounding. Majorization places
the five traditional apportionment methods in the order as they are known to favor larger parties over smaller parties: Adams,
Dean, Hill, Webster, and Jefferson.
Received: 5 August 2000/Accepted: 24 October 2001 相似文献
2.
Multi-valued strategy-proof social choice rules 总被引:10,自引:4,他引:6
In this paper we introduce a new definition of strategy-proofness for multi-valued social choice correspondences. We prove
two Gibbard-Satterthwaite type results for strategy-proof social choice correspondences. These results show that allowing
multiple outcomes as social choices will not necessarily lead to an escape from the Gibbard-Satterthwaite impossibility theorem.
Received: 24 January 2001/Accepted: 19 March 2001 相似文献
3.
Uta Gerhardt 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):5-39
This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The
perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American
and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from
the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists
of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches
were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches
led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating
Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was
over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify
how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times,
were embedded in twentieth-century history. 相似文献
4.
In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called
” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors
examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging
in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and
economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs
all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help
may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject
to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court
decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws
but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are
not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers
may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees
who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations.
Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their
economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations.
Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’
and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors
with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments. 相似文献
5.
Dina M. Carbonell Helen Z. Reinherz Rose M. Giaconia Cecilia K. Stashwick Angela D. Paradis William R. Beardslee 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2002,19(5):393-412
In a longitudinal, community-based study, adolescent protective factors for those at risk for depression were identified that were associated with resilient outcomes in young adulthood. For those with childhood risk factors for major depression, significant protective factors included family cohesion, positive self appraisals, and good interpersonal relations. Findings may help inform the development of prevention and treatment programs for adolescents vulnerable to depression. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Astrid Orthey 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2005,36(1):23-32
How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example. 相似文献
7.
傅林辉 《东华理工学院学报》2002,21(4):164-169
李觏一生从事教育工作,尤其注重平民教育。他想要改革北宋的朝政,因为他未得机会进入仕途,所以无法实行自己的改革主张。胡适说李觏是王安石思想先驱,理由不充分。说曾巩是李觏的学生也无史料依据。关于李觏对孟子的非议,却反映了李觏对孟子的特殊看法。 相似文献
8.
企业管理基础工作是企业管理效益的基石,是管理实现科学化和现代化的首要条件,而管理基础工作的创新是管理创新的前提条件。 相似文献
9.
公路桥头跳车成因分析及技术措施 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
桥头跳车一直是道路桥梁工程界广为关注而又一直尚未解决的重大技术难题,本文针对桥头跳车问题进行了成因分析,介绍了其危害性及可行的几种防治措施,为进一步解决这一问题提供一些可实施的方法。 相似文献
10.
黑龙江旅游资源及开发利用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
邓琳 《齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,(1):48-50
黑龙江旅游资源丰富,通过对黑龙江旅游资源特征的研究,提出开发利用旅游资源,发展黑龙江旅游业的基本对策。 相似文献