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Michael Polanyi’s defense of freedom in science and society conflicts in major ways with Weber (process of rationalization,
value neutrality of sociologists), Popper (objective knowledge, open society), and technological or oppositional sociology.
Polanyi rejects positivism, utilitarianism, and Marxism, and defends freedom as a necessary condition for pursuit of spiritual
ideals such as truth, justice, charity, and tolerance. Half truths about science seen as rejecting tradition, faith, authority,
values, and the subjective, have helped bring valuable social results, but in the form taken by radical philosophical skepticism
(doubt), also called objectivism, they also threaten freedom itself. A more truthful account is needed. Scientists and citizens
who would maintain a free society are morally responsible persons, joined together in quest of truth and certain other ideals,
demanding of themselves and each other that they be faithful to that quest. Polanyi’s thought has connections with that of
Shils, and has implications for what Shils calls a consensual sociology.
Louis H. Swartz teaches law, and is interested in the development of sociological theory and legal sociology, building upon
the contributions of Polanyi and Shils. 相似文献
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This article reviews a range of issues associated with the commercialization of biomedical research and speculates on how these issues might apply to the neuroscience context. Drawing on existing studies of the impact of research commercialization activities on various areas of biotechnology research, the authors explore normative benchmarks for assessing and resolving issues likely to arise from the commercialization of neuroscientific research, including such topics as patenting, marketing pressures, and representations of research prospects. 相似文献
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Matthew Herder B.Sc. LL.B. LL.M. J.S.M. 《Accountability in research》2013,20(4):227-269
Putting aside whether diseases that affect only small numbers of people (“rare diseases”) should be prioritized over diseases that are otherwise orphaned, in this article I argue that a new approach to rare, orphan diseases is needed. The current model, first signaled by the United States' Orphan Drug Act and subsequently emulated by several other jurisdictions, relies on a set of open-ended criteria and market-based incentives in order to define and encourage drug therapies for rare, orphan diseases. Given a) the biopharmaceutical industries' growing interest in orphan diseases, b) progress in the sphere of personalized medicines enabling more and more common diseases to be reclassified as rare, and c) empirical evidence suggesting that the most orphan drugs target only a limited, lucrative subset of rare diseases, I argue that Canada, which recently announced plans to develop its own “orphan drug framework” should not follow the United States' orphan drug model. 相似文献
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Larry Braidfoot LL.B. Ph.D. 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》1988,4(4):282-290
The decade of the 1980s has witnessed an explosion in legalized gambling. Most dramatic has been the growth of state-sponsored lotteries. The spread of these state-operated lotteries is the result of pressure for more revenues for state operating costs. Lotteries are viewed as a means of raising these revenues: In 1987, state-operated lotteries grossed over $12 billion in sales. Eight states had sales exceeding $1 billion (New York Times, 1988). Clearly, state lotteries have become big business. The purpose of this article is to describe the spread of lotteries in the 1980s and to note the minimal attention given to compulsive gambling in debates on lotteries.Mr. Braidfoot is General Counsel for the Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention. He is the author ofGambling: The Deadly Game. 相似文献
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Nutrigenetics is a promising field, but the achievability of expected benefits is challenged by the methodological limitations that are associated with clinical research in that field. The mere existence of these limitations suggests that promises about potential outcomes may be premature. Thus, benefits claimed in scientific journal articles in which these limitations are not acknowledged might stimulate biohype. This article aims to examine whether nutrigenetics clinical research articles are a potential source of biohype. Of the 173 articles identified, 16 contained claims in which clinical applications were extrapolated from study results. The methodological limitations being incompletely acknowledged, these articles could potentially be a source of biohype. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. Michael Wehrheim Dipl.-Kfm. Dipl.-Volksw. Dipl.-Hdl. Ingo Fross LL.M. 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2010,80(1):71-109
The Accounting Law Modernization Act (BilMoG) aims at harmonizing two basic attitudes that are irreconcilable in the first place: On the one hand the local German GAAP, which are driven by creditor protection, the principle of prudence as well as objective limitations; on the other hand international accounting standards (IFRS), which focus on information tasks. The option to capitalise certain intangible fixed assets that have not been acquired from a third party, leads to a de-objectification of the balance sheet that has to be rejected as being too hazardous. Furthermore, the introduction of fair-value accounting for financial instruments acquired for trading purposes has to be rejected due to a breach of the realisation principle. The primary legal purpose of the balance sheet, the prudent determination of distributable profits on the basis of turnover, would be jeopardized. The desire for information on investment in intangible assets as well as the (alleged) increase in value of financial instruments should rather be displayed in the notes to the financial statements. 相似文献