REREADING THE PASSING OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

This paper employs a proposed alterity discourse analysis (ADA) framework to argue that The Passing of Traditional Society – the bible of the modernization paradigm of development communication research – exemplifies far less a discourse on the relationship between empathy and development, as it does on the political/ideological imperatives governing the construction of the Other (i.e. the Middle East) by the Self (i.e. the US). To substantiate this claim, the paper debunks the book's claim to social scientific objectivity by pinpointing the methodological shortcomings of the empathy model and of the Middle East project from which the model was derived, and highlights the paradigm's dogma by revealing the religious metaphors with which the book's narrative is infused.     

Some factors affecting statistical power of approximate tests in the linear mixed model for longitudinal data

Different longitudinal study designs require different statistical analysis methods and different methods of sample size determination. Statistical power analysis is a flexible approach to sample size determination for longitudinal studies. However, different power analyses are required for different statistical tests which arises from the difference between different statistical methods. In this paper, the simulation-based power calculations of F-tests with Containment, Kenward-Roger or Satterthwaite approximation of degrees of freedom are examined for sample size determination in the context of a special case of linear mixed models (LMMs), which is frequently used in the analysis of longitudinal data. Essentially, the roles of some factors, such as variance–covariance structure of random effects [unstructured UN or factor analytic FA0], autocorrelation structure among errors over time [independent IND, first-order autoregressive AR1 or first-order moving average MA1], parameter estimation methods [maximum likelihood ML and restricted maximum likelihood REML] and iterative algorithms [ridge-stabilized Newton-Raphson and Quasi-Newton] on statistical power of approximate F-tests in the LMM are examined together, which has not been considered previously. The greatest factor affecting statistical power is found to be the variance–covariance structure of random effects in the LMM. It appears that the simulation-based analysis in this study gives an interesting insight into statistical power of approximate F-tests for fixed effects in LMMs for longitudinal data.     

Community Participation and Rural Water Supply Development in Sierra Leone

Provision of improved water wells is part of the integratedapproach to rural development, currently undertaken by developmentagencies in Sierra Leone. Community self-help in meeting partof the cost of input to be provided is essential in promotingthe effective utilization of the service provided. This studysurveys the improved water wells programme of Plan InternationalRural Development Project in Makari-Gbanti Chiefdom, NorthernProvince of Sierra Leone. The improved wells were found to be least effective in meetingdry season water supplies to villagers. Among the factors responsiblefor this situation is the illconceived nature of the communityself-help development strategy adopted. Villagers were foundto meet part of the cost of the improved well not because ofthe genuine felt need for the system, but because they are interestedin the associated benefits of the integrated package –roads, schools, health centres, community centres etc. The final section introduces a case study village of a successfulwater supply scheme through a well-conceived community involvementstrategy. Lively community self-help is the key to promotingeffectively manned schemes in Sierra Leone.     

An Assessment of the Impact of Local Government Fragmentation in Ghana

In theory fragmentation: yields lower per capita service cost; decentralizes service delivery; promotes local democracy; and protects identity and community of interest. This article assessed whether prediction matched the Ghanaian fragmentation evidence. The paper’s findings are: poverty reduction is a more important performance indicator than the overemphasis on efficiency in public provision; procedures and opportunities for participation are inadequate and irregular; attention is on public expenditure assignments without due consideration for significant financial devolution; and the consequences of the politics of fragmentation have been ignored. The paper concludes that unless these minutiae are incorporated into fragmentation policy, achieving predicted outcomes will remain difficult.     

The Politics of Regional Inequality in Ghana: State Elites,Donors and PRSPs

Through an analysis of Ghana's HIPC Fund which was established as part of the PRSP process, this article shows how aid‐financed efforts to reduce regional inequality in Ghana have failed. Dominant political elites agreed to policies reducing regional inequality in order to have access to aid funding but, once approved, these funds were allocated on quite different criteria in ways that marginalised the poorest. This analysis reinforces the growing recognition that developmental outcomes in most poor countries are shaped not so much by the design of ‘good’ policies per se, but more importantly by the power relationships within which policy‐implementing institutions are embedded. Aid donors seem unable to grasp this important lesson fully, and so their capacity to contribute to reducing regional inequality remains limited.