Interstate migration of the US poverty population: Immigration “pushes” and welfare magnet “pulls”

This study evaluates the social and demographic structure of poverty migration during the 1985–90 period based on an analysis of recent census data. Particular attention is given to the roles of two policy-relevant factors that are proposed to be linked to poverty migration. The first of these is the role of immigration from abroad and its effect on the net out-migration of longer-term residents with below-poverty incomes, from States receiving the highest volume of immigrants. Such a response, it is argued, could result from job competition or other economic and social costs associated with immigration. The second involves the poverty population magnet effect associated with State welfare benefits (AFDC and Food Stamp payments) which has come under renewed scrutiny in light of the impending reform of the federal welfare program. The impact of both of these factors on interstate poverty migration is evaluated in a broader context that takes cognizance of other sociodemographic subgroups, and State-level attributes that are known to be relevant in explaining internal migration. This research employs an exceptionally rich data base of aggregate migration flows, specially tabulated from the full migration sample of the 1990 US census (based on the residence 5 years ago question). It also employs an analysis technique, the nested logit model, which identifies separately the push and pull effects of immigration, welfare benefits, and other State attributes on the migration process. Our findings are fairly clear. The high volume of immigration to selected US Statesdoes affect a selective out-migration of the poverty population, which is stronger for whites, Blacks and other non-Asian minorities as well as the least-educated. These results are consistent with arguments that internal migrants are responding to labor market competition from similarly educated immigrants. Moreover, we found that the impact of immigration occurs primarily as a push rather than a reduced pull. In contrast, State welfare benefits exert only minimal effects on the interstate migration of the poverty population—either as pulls or pushes, although some demographic segments of that population are more prone to respond than others. In addition to these findings, our results reveal the strong impact that a State's racial and ethnic composition exerts in both retaining and attracting migrants of like race and ethnic groups. This suggests the potential for a greater cross-state division in the US poverty population, by race and ethnic status.Data Used: 1990 US census tabulations of full migration (residence 5 years ago) sample. Note: Detailed 1990 census statistics on migration of the poverty and nonpoverty populations for individual states can be found in: William H. Frey Immigration and Internal Migration for US States: 1990 Census Findings by Poverty Status and Race, Population Studies CenterResearch Report No. 94-320.This research is supported by the University of Wisconsin Institute for Research on Poverty Small Grants Program and by NICHD grant No. R01 HD29725. The migration data for this paper were prepared at the Population Studies Center, University of Michigan from 1990 US Census files. The authors acknowledge Cathy Sun for computer programming assistance, and Ron Lue-Sang for preparing maps and graphics.     

The dependence of marriage migrations in Japan on personal factors and ecological variables

Marriage is an important migration‐inducing life‐cycle event. This paper uses a nested logit model to explain the interprefectural migration behaviors at marriage by personal factors and prefectural attributes, based on the micro data of the 1986 national migration survey of Japan. Before marriage, each person is considered a potential migrant making a two‐level decision: (1) to stay or depart and (2) to choose a destination. The main findings are as follows.

Destination choice propensities were affected by such attributes of potential destination as income (+), employment growth (+), distance (‐), contiguity (+), and linguistic similarity (+). Non‐natives appeared to be less sensitive to the attraction of economic opportunities. Personal factors were less important than prefectural attributes in affecting destination choice propensities.

Departure propensities were affected by not only such attributes of origin prefecture as income (‐), employment growth (‐), and population density (+) but also the “inclusive variable”; (+), which reflected the attractiveness of the rest of the system. Despite being strongly emphasized in the literature, sibling status was less important than gender, nativity and education in affecting departure propensities. Personal factors were much more important than prefectural attributes in determining the departure propensities.     

F_{3}-domination problem of graphs

Given a graph \(G\) and a set \(S\subseteq V(G),\) a vertex \(v\) is said to be \(F_{3}\) -dominated by a vertex \(w\) in \(S\) if either \(v=w,\) or \(v\notin S\) and there exists a vertex \(u\) in \(V(G)-S\) such that \(P:wuv\) is a path in \(G\) . A set \(S\subseteq V(G)\) is an \(F_{3}\) -dominating set of \(G\) if every vertex \(v\) is \(F_{3}\) -dominated by a vertex \(w\) in \(S.\) The \(F_{3}\) -domination number of \(G\) , denoted by \(\gamma _{F_{3}}(G)\) , is the minimum cardinality of an \(F_{3}\) -dominating set of \(G\) . In this paper, we study the \(F_{3}\) -domination of Cartesian product of graphs, and give formulas to compute the \(F_{3}\) -domination number of \(P_{m}\times P_{n}\) and \(P_{m}\times C_{n}\) for special \(m,n.\)      

On kernel estimators of density ratio

Let f(x) and g(x) denote two probability density functions and g(x)≠0. There are two ways to estimate the density ratio f(x)/g(x). One is to estimate f(x) and g(x) first and then the ratio, the other is to estimate f(x)/g(x) directly. In this paper, we derive asymptotic mean square errors and central limit theorems for both estimators.     

Location of adult children as an attraction for black and white elderly return and onward migrants in the United States: Application of a three-level nested logit model with census data

This article assesses the influence of the location of adult children on the 1985-90 interstate migration of black and white elderly "nonnatives" (i.e., those whose state of residence in 1985 was different from their state of birth) in the United States, based on the application of a three-level nested logit model with 1990 census data. The model accounts for (1) the choice between departing and staying put, (2) the choice between return and onward migration, and (3) the choice of a specific destination. The main findings are as follows. First, elderly nonnatives were strongly attracted by the location of their adult children when they made their migration decisions at all levels of the choice framework, and this attraction was stronger for the widowed than for those of other marital statuses. This finding can be taken as empirical support for Eugene Litwak's theory of the modified extended family. Second, in the return/onward and destination choice processes, the attraction of the location of adult children was found to be stronger for whites than for blacks. This finding is consistent with the finding of Hogan et al. (1993) that whites had stronger inter-generational connections than did blacks.     

The dependence of marriage migrations in Japan on personal factors and ecological variables

"The purpose of this paper is to explain the interprefectural migrations at marriage in Japan by personal factors and ecological variables, using a multivariate statistical model called the nested logit model....The research is based on the micro data from a national survey on the life-course migration history of household heads and spouses, conducted in 1986 by the Institute of Population Problems in the Ministry of Health and Welfare...." Factors considered include partners' prefecture of residence, coresidence with parents, nativity, education, sibling status, period of marriage, income, gender, employment, and population density. (SUMMARY IN FRE)     

Can external corporate venturing broaden firm's technological scope? The role of complementary assets

This study applies two theoretical perspectives—resource-based view (RBV) and organizational learning—to explore how a firm's external corporate venturing (CV) influences its technological scope. Using data from 583 electronics and information technology firms in Taiwan for the period from 1997 to 2006, the results indicate that external CVs facilitate an established firm's broadening of its technological scope. Moreover, this study calls into question the idea that a firm's decisions regarding technological scope may be due to a specific factor that governs the extent of technological specialization and diversification. We identify this factor as the complementary assets of established firms. This study, thus, investigates whether complementary assets moderate the relationship between external CV in established firms and those firms’ technological scope. The analytical results also support the idea that increasing investments in specialized complementary assets will urge firms engaged in external CV to concentrate on their technological scope. Therefore, this study addresses the notion that concentrated technological scope is the conjunction of technological capabilities and complementary assets, not determined by either individually.     

Technological Diversification and Organizational Divisionalization: The Moderating Role of Complementary Assets

This study uses data on 582 electronics and information technology firms in Taiwan for the period 1997–2005 to investigate the hypothesis that technological diversification increases the extent of organizational divisionalization under firm growth. This study applies competence‐based theory to argue that firms spread the technological competence base to achieve firm growth. However, in the face of firm growth, managers of multi‐technology firms often utilize a multi‐division structure to manage their various technologies based on their operating characteristics or needs. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicate that complementary assets moderate the negative relationship between technological diversification and organizational divisionalization. For firms with specialized complementary assets, multi‐technology firms may be observed to consolidate related‐technology activities into fewer divisions, facilitating the utilization of these complementary assets in conjunction with other divisions.     

Generalized Diameters and Rabin Numbers of Networks

Reliability and efficiency are important criteria in the design of interconnection networks. Recently, the w-wide diameter d_w(G), the (w – 1)-fault diameter D_w(G), and the w-Rabin number r_w(G) have been used to measure network reliability and efficiency. In this paper, we study d_w(G), D_w(G) and r_w(G) using the strong w-Rabin number r_w ^*(G) for 1 w k(G) and G is a circulant network G(d_n; {1, d,..., d^{n –1}}), a d-ary cube network C(d, n), a generalized hypercube GH(m_{n – 1},..., m0), a folded hypercube FH(n) or a WK-recursive network WK(d, t).     

Sensitivity analysis of discrete-time interregional population systems

This paper shows analytically how (a) the long-run growth rate and (b) the long-run proportional distribution of an interregional population system with a time-homogeneous structural matrix are affected by small changes or errors in (a) the natural growth rates of individual regions and (b) the interregional migration rates. Furthermore, the analytic results are applied to an eight-region Canadian population system. Finally, it is claimed that the method introduced here can be easily applied to sensitivity analysis of both the intrinsic growth rate and the “stable” age-composition of the Leslie model with respect to changes in age-specific birth and survival rates.