Application of a marking-and-recapture method for the analysis of larval-adult populations of an insect,Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Summary Difficulty arises in applying marking-and-recapture methods to insects when the probability of recapture of marked individuals is changed with advancing age, either due to detachment of the mark by moulting (in the case of larvae) or to changes in their survival rate or their behaviour. A modification of the re-recapture method (Leslie et al., 1953) has been devised to analyze the capture-recapture data of the 5th-instar larvae and adults ofNezara viridula L. Estimation of the rate of moulting to the adult stage is made with the aid of additional information on larval survival. Migration rates of the larvae between the two halves of the census field is estimated byIwao's (1963) method. Through these analyses, the dynamic feature of the population during transition from the 5th instar to, adult is revealed. Several problems involved in the application of marking-and-recapture methods to insect populations are discussed. Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, Kyoto University No. 392.     

A systems model and computer simulation of the green rice leafhopper populations in control programmes

Summary A simulation model of the green rice leafhopper-spiders system was presented. The validity of this model for simulation purpose was tested by comparing the calculated values with observed ones (Fig. 4). The effectiveness of various control measures against leafhoppers was evaluated by computer simulations. The computer simulation demonstrated that the wrong use of selective insecticide, contrary to expectation, brought an increase in the pest density, i. e., that the egg densities of leafhoppers in the 2nd and 3rd generations are increased by the insecticidal application in February, while they are decreased by the July application (Table 2). To obtain satisfactory control by sterile-male release, 320,000 sterile-male per square kilometer should be released even in the combined use with insecticides (Fig. 5). The escape of leafhoppers from predation by spiders was demonstrated by the simulation. It is suggested that spiders are able to suppress the leafhopper populations at a low density when there is a very favorable balance between spiders and leafhoppers, and this condition may be realized by sophisticated use of selective insecticides (Fig. 6). Factors and/or processes which have to be involved in a more improved systems model are discussed. A part of this research was supported by science research fund from the Ministry of Education.     

Natural control of populations of the southern green stink bug,Nezara viridula

Summary Based on the results of five-year study on theNezara population, it was concluded that the level of abundance of the insect was determined partly by the combination and relative adundance of the host plants and partly by the climatic factors. The endless increase of the population was checked by the deleterious effects associated with the overpopulation which occurred locally. The degree of such overpopulation was determined by the relative abundance of host plants to the current level of the population. Therefore, even when the general level ofNezara population seemed to be low, there still exists the possibility of overpopulation in some areas. Winter was the critical period which threatened the persistence ofNezara population. The survival of the hibernating adults was partly dependent on the physiological state of adults which was determined in the period of pre-hibernation. But when the severity of a winter exceeded the tolerance limit of the insect, the only safety-valve which prevented the elimination ofNezara was the heterogeneity of hibernacula. Therefore,Milne's theory (1957) was closest to the known facts.     

A computer simulation of the epidemiology of the rice dwarf virus

Summary An epidemiological system model was developed to evaluate the role of factors which were responsible for the prevalence of rice dwarf virus (RDV) transmitted by the green rice leafhopper,Nephotettix cincticeps. Simulation tests were conducted by varying values of the following three parameters: the vector density, the coefficient of the efficiency of feeding acquisition of RDV of the vector, and that of efficiency of RDV transmission by the vector. The effect of each parameter was assessed in terms of changes in percentages of infected insects and of infected rice hills. Both the percentages of infected insects and of infected rice hills increased rapidly with increasing vector density within a range of low vector density. The former increased linearly when the acquisitive coefficient was increased. But the percentage of infected rice hills was affected to a lesser extent. The percentage of infected insects and that of infected rice hills increased exponentially with increasing values of the transmission coefficient. The results obtained from the simulation tests were discussed in relation to the ecological factors which caused the recent prevalence of RDV. A part of this research was supported by science research fund from the Ministry of Education.     

An analysis of the predator-prey system in the paddy field

Summary A predator-prey system involvingLycosa pseudoannulata as predators and both the green rice leafhopper,Nephotettix cincticeps and the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens as prey was studied in an experimental paddy field. Daily predation rates on the prey and weekly disappearance rates ofLycosa females were related to densities of both predators and prey by multiple regression. During the off-season of reproduction for predators and prey, it proved possible to simulate the interaction betweenLycosa and its prey.     

Mortality process in relation to aggregation in the southern green stink bug

Summary A simple experiment of simulation was done to analyze the natural mortality process of young larval colonies and egg masses of the southern green stink bug. In this experiment, a degree of contagiousness was allowed in regard to the action of a mortality factor, and was defined as the mean number killed per a colony or an egg mass by the mortality factor within a unit time and the number killed per a colony was assumed to follow the Poisson series with the mean . Thus each component of the Poisson series was opposed to each colony or egg mass which was taken at random from 162 egg masses, 135 and 117 colonies of the first and the second instar larvae, respectively. It was revealed that mortality factors in the field did not act with a small degree of contagiosness, e. g. , on all colonies or egg masses, but acted with a large degree of contagiousness, e. g. , on some of the colonies or egg masses. Thus differential survival somewhat in all or none way occurred among the insect colonies irrespective of their initial sizes. These results were well explained by taking actual mortality factors into account.     

Studies on the adult polymorphism in the southern green stink bug,Nezara viridula (hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Summary Polymorphism in adult colour pattern ofNezara viridula is determined on the genetic basis. The basic colour patterns of adult are classified into four types, i. e. G, O, R and F. No appreciable differences between these types were observed in respect to various physiological traits of nymphs and adults, except that type G seems to be superior in reproductive ability but to be inferior in ability of surviving winters at least to types R and F. Inter-generation changes in percentage frequency of G type were examined from 1959 to 1967 covering more than 30 generations. Percentage frequencies of G types prior to the severe winter of 1962–3 fluctuated greatly around a mean of 87.9%, while they did to a lesser extent than before with a mean of 85.0% after the winter. Unexpected high percentages of G type were recorded frequently in summer generations, viz. 1st and 2nd. On the other hand, the relative frequencies of G and O types decreased after hibernation in contrast to the increases in those of F and R. This sort of changes in genetic composition related to the winter of 1962–3 was observed in several populations segregated from each other. This seasonal alternation of selective activity in the environments is considered to be responsible for retention of the polymorphism. Alternative possible causes, i. e. difference in habitat preference, non-random mating and selective predation by predators among polymorphs, may safely be rejected as irrelevant to the mechanism in maintaining polymorphism. The polymorphism of this insect seems to be in a transient state rather than balanced one contributing little to population regulation, but the persistence ofN. viridula in the periphery range may be assisted by retention of the polymorphism.     

Population behaviour of the southern green stink bug,Nezara viridula, with special reference to the developmental stages of early-planted paddy

Summary Population behaviour of adults and 5th-instar nymphs ofNezara viridula L. was analysed by means of the marking-and-recapture method in an early-planted paddy field. The field contained five varieties of rice which differend in growth states. It was estimated that a total of more, than 7,000 adults of the first generation, in which at least 3,000 were females, invaded the field from early July to middle August. Egg-mass census data, however, indicated that only 10 per cent or less of the females participated in egg-laying. This was largely due to the, low rate of adult survival. The adults preferred younger plants, for both feeding and oviposition. The method described byIwao et al. (1966) permitted estimate that 3,300–3,400 of the 5 th-instar nymphs and 1,100–1,200 of the adults of the second generation were produced from 298 egg-masses (25, 700 eggs); while 95–6 per cent of the individuals were thought to have died before reaching adulthood. Most of the 5 th-instar nymphs moved less than 4 m in three days as long as the condition of food plants remained suitable, but they tended to move more towards younger plants when those on which they lived became too mature. The apparent survival rate of the second generation adults was very low, probably due both to a rapid emigration and a high mortality of newly-emerged adults.