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1.
For two-level factorials, we consider designs in N=2 (mod 4) runs as obtained by adding two runs, with a certain coincidence pattern, to an orthogonal array of strength two. These designs are known to be optimal main effect plans in a very broad sense in the absence of interactions. Among them, we explore the ones having minimum aberration, with a view to ensuring maximum model robustness even when interactions are possibly present. This is done by sequentially minimizing a measure of the bias caused by interactions of successively higher orders. 相似文献
2.
Rima Kaddoura Jocelyn DeJong Huda Zurayk Tamar Kabakian Christine Abbyad Fadi G. Mirza 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2019,32(2):e223-e228
Problem
There is lack of data on the rate of episiotomy in Lebanon and the study’s hospital.Background
Only a few studies have addressed episiotomy practice in Lebanon and the Middle East and they show varying rates.Aim
To identify the rate, and change in rate, of episiotomy practice over the years at a teaching hospital in Lebanon and to assess whether maternal age, parity, fetal weight, woman’s hospital admission class, and physician’s gender were associated with episiotomy. We also tested the association between episiotomy and postpartum hemorrhage and/or high degree perineal tears.Methods
A retrospective observational study was conducted on 1756 records for women having a normal vaginal birth at a single centre from January 2009 to January 2014.Findings
The rate of episiotomy at the hospital was very high, with 97.4% of women receiving an episiotomy in 2009. A major decrease in the rate was identified with a decline from 97.4% in 2009 to 73.3% in January 2014. Episiotomy was found to be associated with parity, maternal age, and with high degree perineal tears.Discussion
The episiotomy rate at this centre remains higher than the 10% rate recommended by the World Health Organization, although there has been a significant reduction after a call for restrictive rather than liberal use.Conclusion
Raising awareness among providers appeared to play a significant role in reducing this rate, although more efforts remain warranted. Other strategies – such as raising awareness of women about potential risks of episiotomy – are also worth exploring. 相似文献3.
An assessment of soil nematode food webs and nutrient pools in community gardens and vacant lots in two post-industrial American cities 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Sharanbir S. Grewal Zhiqiang Cheng Sonia Masih Melinda Wolboldt Naureen Huda Alexandra Knight Parwinder S. Grewal 《Urban Ecosystems》2011,14(2):181-194
In the midst of the current economic crisis, there is renewed interest in transforming vacant lots into food-producing gardens.
This study analyzed whether vacant lots are suitable for food production, by comparing the soil nematode food webs and nutrient
pools of vacant lots and community gardens in two post-industrial U.S. cities, Akron and Cleveland, Ohio. Twelve vacant lots
and 12 community gardens were examined in the two cities. All six Akron community gardens were established just prior to the
initiation of this study, whereas the six in Cleveland were 15–30 years old. Soil pH, texture, moisture, organic matter, mineral
nitrogen content, microbial biomass, and nematode communities were measured in both cities. Soil decomposition rate was also
measured in Cleveland. Results show that the soils of vacant lots surpassed those of the newly-established Akron gardens and
were equal to the soils of the well-established Cleveland gardens in the amount of ammonium-nitrogen, total nematode population,
genus diversity, and maturity and structure indices. The soils of the vacant lots were lower than the community gardens in
the amounts of soil moisture, organic matter, and nitrate-nitrogen, which we associate with the addition of water, compost,
fertilizer, and tilling in the gardens. No significant difference was found between community gardens and vacant lots in microbial
biomass, decomposition rate, or nematode enrichment index, which seems to indicate that vacant lots are equal to community
gardens in nutrient availability and nutrient cycling. We conclude that barring any contamination, the soil in vacant lots
maybe suitable for the establishment of food gardens, which can provide many desirable ecosystem services and enhance human
well-being. We also find that the disturbance associated with tillage and conversion of a vacant lot into a community garden
has short-term ramifications for both nematode food webs and mineral-nitrogen content. 相似文献
4.
Afke J. M. B. Berkhout Nicolle P. G. Boumans Frans J. N. Nijhuis Gerard P. J. Van Breukelen Huda Huijer Abu-saad 《Work and stress》2013,27(4):337-353
This study evaluates the effects of the implementation of resident-oriented care on the job characteristics (job autonomy, job demands and social support) of nursing caregivers in three Dutch nursing homes. In a quasi-experimental design, experimental and control groups in both general and psychogeriatric wards were followed for up to 22 months, using a pre-test and two post-tests by means of written questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the intervention appeared to be partly successful. Last post-test regression analyses revealed significant increases in a number of design characteristics of resident-oriented care. Significant increases were noticed on resident assignment, the two variables measuring the nursing process and, in the psychogeriatric experimental group, on resident-oriented tasks (p≤.01). The effects on job characteristics were limited. An indicative increase was shown in contextual job autonomy in the experimental group (p≤.05). The qualitative data derived from the interviews showed that there was still a partly task-oriented division of labour. Further, the delegation of co-ordination tasks to nursing caregivers had not yet been properly achieved. The study concludes with some theoretical and methodological reflections in the light of the findings. 相似文献
5.
In this paper, regressive models are proposed for modeling a sequence of transitions in longitudinal data. These models are employed to predict the future status of the outcome variable of the individuals on the basis of their underlying background characteristics or risk factors. The estimation of parameters and also estimates of conditional and unconditional probabilities are shown for repeated measures. The goodness of fit tests are extended in this paper on the basis of the deviance and the Hosmer–Lemeshow procedures and generalized to repeated measures. In addition, to measure the suitability of the proposed models for predicting the disease status, we have extended the ROC curve approach to repeated measures. The procedure is shown for the conditional models for any order as well as for the unconditional model, to predict the outcome at the end of the study. The test procedures are also suggested. For testing the differences between areas under the ROC curves in subsequent follow-ups, two different test procedures are employed, one of which is based on permutation test. In this paper, an unconditional model is proposed on the basis of conditional models for the disease progression of depression among the elderly population in the USA on the basis of the Health and Retirement Survey data collected longitudinally. The illustration shows that the disease progression observed conditionally can be employed to predict the outcome and the role of selected variables and the previous outcomes can be utilized for predictive purposes. The results show that the percentage of correct predictions of a disease is quite high and the measures of sensitivity and specificity are also reasonably impressive. The extended measures of area under the ROC curve show that the models provide a reasonably good fit in terms of predicting the disease status during a long period of time. This procedure will have extensive applications in the field of longitudinal data analysis where the objective is to obtain estimates of unconditional probabilities on the basis of series of conditional transitional models. 相似文献
6.
Chaudhury RH 《Social action》1983,33(1):15-53
The relationship between population pressure or density and agricultural productivity is examined by analyzing the changes in the land-man ratio and the changes in the level of land yield in the 17 districts of Bangladesh from 1961-64 and 1974-77. The earlier years were pre-Green Revolution, whereas in the later years new technology had been introduced in some parts of the country. Net sown area, value of total agricultural output, and number of male agricultural workers were the main variables. For the country as a whole, agricultural output grew by 1.2%/year during 1961-64 to 1974-77, while the number of male agricultural workers grew at 1.5%/year. The major source of agricultural growth during the 1960s was found to be increased land-yield associated with a higher ratio of labor to land. The findings imply that a more intensified pattern of land use, resulting in both higher yield and higher labor input/unit of land, is the main source of growth of output and employment in agriculture. There is very little scope for extending the arable area in Bangladesh; increased production must come from multiple cropping, especially through expansion of irrigation and drainage, and from increases in per acre yields, principly through adoption of high yield variants, which explained 87% of the variation in output per acre during the 1970s. Regional variation in output was also associated with variation in cropping intensity and proportion of land given to high yield variants. There is considerable room for modernizing agricultural technology in Bangladesh: in 1975-76 less than 9% of total crop land was irrigated and only 12% of total acreage was under high yield variants. The adoption of new food-grain technology and increased use of high yield variants in Bangladesh's predominantly subsistence-based agriculture would require far-reaching institutional and organizational changes and more capital. Without effective population control, expansion of area under high yield variants would not improve the employment situation in the foreseeable future. 相似文献
7.
Despite the shift toward using person-centered approaches in dementia care, the relevance and applicability of the concept “personhood” remains unclear in everyday practice and activities, such as mealtime experience for residents with dementia. Based on a qualitative study, this paper presents emergent themes at mealtimes that support or undermine personhood of twenty residents with dementia in two long-term care facilities. Methods of data collection included conversational interviews with residents with dementia, participant observations, focus groups with staff and examination of available documents. Data analysis identified eight themes: (1) outpacing/relaxed pace, (2) withholding/holding, (3) stimulation, (4) disrespect/respect, (5) invalidation/validation, (6) distancing/connecting, (7) disempowerment/empowerment, and (8) ignoring/inclusion. These findings raised questions about current practice and identified areas for improvement. Although staff approaches seemed to have the greatest impact on residents' experiences, the physical environment and organizational milieu were also responsible for hindering and facilitating staff to provide the best possible care and interaction. 相似文献
8.
Rafiqul Huda Chaudhury 《Population studies》2013,67(2):261-273
The paper examines hypotheses that certain aspects of status of married women such as (i) decision-making power; (ii) employment status and (iii) educational status, are positively associated with use of contraception and inversely related to fertility performance. The study is based on 1,130 women of reproductive age (15-49) who are currently married and living with their husbands and reported to be fecund. The data are drawn from a cross-section of working and non-working women of Dacca City. The hypothesis that each of the above status variables is related to fertility behaviour (measured as current use of contraception and number of children ever-born) is confirmed, with the sole exception of the relationship between female employment status and fertility behaviour. Female participation in the labour force has little or no effect on use of contraception, particularly among those who belong to higher education and income groups. However, in the lower education and income groups, fertility and use of contraception vary with work experience. The findings clearly point out the need to improve the status of women in order to achieve a breakthrough in the use of contraception and a reduction in fertility. 相似文献
9.
Design of experiments is considered for the situation where estimation of the slopes of a response surface is the main interest. Under the D-minimax criterion, the objective is to minimize the generalized variance of the estimated axial slopes at a point maximized over all points in the region of interest in the factor space. For the third-order model over spherical regions, the D-minimax designs are derived in two and three dimensions. The efficiencies of some two- and three-dimensional designs available in the literature are also investigated. 相似文献
10.
This study examines the perceptions of civil servants towards privatization with respect to national development. Using case
studies and official interview data, it also examines the efficacy and effectiveness of privatization programs in a developing
country, Bangladesh. The study rejects the conventional beliefs about the role of bureaucracies as anti-privatization by revealing
that civil servants of Bangladesh have positive perceptions towards privatization with respect to national development. The
study, however, finds no significant differences in the perceptions of different levels of civil servants towards privatization
with respect to national development; they all share a common goal. Research demonstrates that civil servants generally believe
that privatization positively affects economic, social, political and administrative development, although it negatively affects
equity, fairness and social justice issues by widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Additionally, the study demonstrates
that privatization is not conducive to employee empowerment.
相似文献
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